Molecular and ionic equations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

molecular(a) and ionic equivalences - Assignment ExampleMolecular comparison Cu(s)+4NHO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq)+2NO2 (g)+2H2O (g) Ironic equation Cu(s)+4H+(aq)+4NO3-(aq) Cu2+(aq)+2NO3-(aq)+ 2N3+(aq)+4O2-(aq)+ 2H2O (g) Step 2 Molecular equation Cu(NO3)2 (aq)+2NaOH(aq) Cu(OH)2 (s)+2NaNO3 (aq) Ionic equation Cu2+(aq)+ 2NO3-(aq)+2Na+(aq)+2OH-(aq) Cu2+(aq)+ 2OH-(aq)+2 Na+(aq)+ 2NO3-(aq) Step 3 Molecular equation Cu(OH)2 (s) CuO(s) +H2O(g) Ionic equation Cu2+(aq)+ 2OH-(aq) Cu2+(aq)+O2-+ H2O(g) Step 4 Molecular equation CuO(s)+H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4(aq)+ H2O(l) Ionic equation Cu2+(aq)+O2-(aq)+2H+(aq)+SO42-(aq) Cu2+(aq)+ SO42-(aq)+ H2O(l) Step 5 Molecular equation CuSO4(aq)+Zn(s) Cu(s)+ZnSO4(aq) Ionic equation Cu2+(aq)+ )+ SO42-(aq)+Zn(s) Cu(s)+Zn2+(aq)+ SO42-(aq) Side reactions a)Molecular equation Zn(s)+HCl(aq) ZnCl2 (aq)+H2 (g) Ionic equation Zn(s)+H+(aq)+Cl-(aq) Zn2+(aq)+Cl-(aq)+H2 (g) b)Molecular equation HCl(aq)+NH3 (aq) NH4Cl (aq) Ionic equation H+(aq)+Cl-(aq) NH4+(aq) 2.The mas of slob cou ld be in excess as it may have oxidized to form copper (II) Oxide and in like manner due to the side reactions that takes place.

Level 5 Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Level 5 Leadership - Essay Example68). Likewise, as explicitly indicated, the definition of the term Level 5 is the highest level in a hierarchy of executive capabilities that elevate companies from mediocrity to sustained success (Collins, 2001, p. 68).In an hearing with Jim Collins by Stuart Crainer, which was published online on January of 2006, Collins synthesized his definition of Level 5 Leadership The important dimension for Level 5 is a leader who is ambitious first and foremost for the cause, for the company, for the work, not for himself or herself and has an absolutely terrifying iron will to make good on that ambition (Dearlove & Crainer, 2006). In addition, there were reported evident exemplifications of duality traits such as shy but fearless, modest, yet willful (Collins, 2001).It can, therefore, be deduced, that for a leader to be identified as manifesting Level 5 Leadership, that leader must exude traits such as extreme personal humility, strong professional will , a committed and dedicated involvement and resolution to steer the organization to prolonged and sustained success.The Level 5 Leadership style is obviously different from other leadinghip styles in terms of accurately identifying the unique and distinct duality traits of leaders who were identified to exude these in companies they led towards prolonged success. According to Collins, there are other levels in the leadership hierarchy from highly capable individuals (Level 1), contributing team member (Level 2), competent managers (Level 3), and effective leaders (Level 4) (Collins, 2001, p. 70), whose differentiating characteristics and traits are not enough to sustain prolonged and unprecedented success to organizations.The importance of having been apprised of the Level 5 Leadership lies in the knowledge and awareness provided to other contemporary

Community threats Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community threats - Assignment ExampleIt is prudent to note that chemic agents can be catastrophic to Calhoun County together with other numerous hazards which pose threats as well. One the field of force with noisome chemical agents is the Anniston Army Depot (ANAD), which opened in 1941 to store ammunition. The residents of Anniston and atomic number 18as surrounding it have already been exposed to toxic materials from this depot. This regionhas felt the effects of injustice, and now faces an even greater threat. Chemicals released from this depot and the incinerator is harmful to the residents. This may increase cancer among this people. The Demographics and health hazards compiled show the disproportionate effects the local population leave alone suffer if the incinerator became operational. This means that if the incinerator starts functioning there are harmful chemicals that will be released into the atmosphere because endangering health.Therefore chemical spill from the Anniston Army Depot is hazardous to the environment. Also there is high riskiness of chemical spills due to the research ongoing at JSU in labs on campus. These are the major chemical agents that threaten the lives of the people of Calhoun County. It was discovered also that metals and chlorinated solvents were present in the ground water below the ANAD southeasterly Industrial Area1. Take note that this ground water is the source of drinking water for residents Calhoun County. The hydrogeology of Calhoun County has been greatly affected and it is very complex hence it needs further studies to find the possible interconnections.The concept of cyberterrorism is composed of deuce significant modern fears which are the fear of technology and fear of terrorism. Due to technology International terrorist groups vividly have the capability of attacking the information infrastructure of the United States. This is a threat to the county of Calhoun because there are possibilities of attac ks from the

How hubris and empathy are exhibited in all 3 short stories Essay

How hubris and empathy are exhibited in all 3 short stories - Essay ExampleThree short stories are presented in this paper written by some of the well-known short story writers of our time The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Killings by Andre Dubus, and Good Country People by Flannery OConnor. In all these short stories, the floor of hubris and empathy are so interwoven with each other that one would not have much refer without the presence of the other.The short story Good Country People pits hubris and empathy, albeit largely pretended, between two of its major characters. One is a 32-year old girl who, embittered by an incident that took one of her legs when she was still a child, engage higher learning and used it to shield herself from the agony of being different. She adopted a haughty and puckish attitude towards those who are simple and less bright fancying herself to be beyond them. Stomping around defiantly with a wooden leg attached to one of her legs, she is deprec ating, for example, against the simplicity and naivet of others even towards her good-natured mother. Her arrogance was put to a test when she met the other character, a supposedly Bible salesman, who she disparagingly refers to as one of those good country people whose naivet she is planning to exploit. What initially attracted her to the young man was his claim that he is suffering from a centre ailment, a condition she is also suffering and which has compelled her to stay home rather than put her PhD to use learn in universities. This makes her feel that she is sharing something in common with him and additionally, despite his ingenuousness he seems to understand the immenseness she attaches to her artificial limb. However, instead of her playing the young man, it turned out that she is the one being played by him. Confident that she is in control, she allowed him to lure her to a secluded barn with the plan

Why Companies Should Green Their Supply Chain Management Research Paper

Why Companies Should Green Their confer Chain Management - Research newspaper publisher ExampleSourcing of raw materials with right quality and lower price necessitated exploit of materials across the continents. On the former(a) hand, shifting of production facilities to the places where the apostrophize of labor is cheap is also considered by the companies. These twin strategies result into movement of raw materials and finished products from place to place cutting across the borders of the nations. The increase in the level of performance in the flow of the movement of goods over the period of time necessitated revisiting of the strategies by the corporate companies in note of preparation chain management with a view to reduce cost. However, the developments that have been taking place in the environmental front warrant corporate social responsibility (CSR) in view of atmospheric befoulment which leads to global warming, water pollution, human rights issues involved, and e xtinction of animal and plant species. Judicious use of natural resources in the process is very important for maintaining ecological balance and the welfare and rights of the future generations. Also, growth at the accepted level with the accelerated use of natural resources is not sustainable in the long run. ... Green supply chain management Parry, P., Martha, J. & Grenon, G. (2007) state the supply chain is the production and distribution network that encompasses the sourcing, manufacturing, transportation, commercialization, distribution, purpose, and disposal of goods, from the ore mine to the trash can. Primarily, the uninhibited consumption of qualification at various levels leads to inflation in the push prices. The cascading effect of the increasing fuel prices results into inflation in food prices and becomes a threat to food security. The intrusion of greenhouse gas emissions is considered to be very serious as the damage to the environment could be irreversible. Su pply chain management inescapably to play an important role in reduction in the consumption of energy in an organization. This could be achieved through a comprehensive corporate strategy which encompasses conservation of energy on voluntary basis, compliance with the regulations as a good corporate citizen, savings in cost by reducing emissions, adoption of standards issued by various agencies and environmental auditing, water and effluents treatment, recycling, waste disposal and renewable energy. For instance, according to a study by Canning, P. et al. (2010) food processing showed the largest growth in energy use. cycle of packing materials, generation of electricity from waste and avoiding use of environmentally unfriendly packing materials in the assiduity would not only be beneficial to the environment and the society but also results into cost saving. match to Bruntland reportDevelopment that meets theneedsof the present without compromising theabilityof future generatio ns to meet their own needs (The World Bank Group, 2001). Emission of

Changes in Higher Learning Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Changes in Higher education - Research Proposal ExampleThis implies that there are the great emphasis and increased focus on what specific majors translate to in terms of a job. The increased concentration on careers that get married after college education has led to an abandonment of some majors, mainly arts, which cannot be easily related to the craved careers. As a result of this abandonment, institutions have also started changing and focusing more on superior majors. According to Brenemans research, many a(prenominal) art colleges were gaolbreaking attention and focusing more on superior fields (Baker, Baldwin and Makker 2012, para. 4). This implies that some majors may totally be forgotten in the future if this shift continues.The shift to passe-partout fields could be greatly be attributed to economic changes and need for more finances. Liu, et al. argued that many students are more concerned about well-paying jobs hence increased focus on a qt professional job as oppo sed at arts that may arguably be seen to basically give meaningful philosophies of lift. in Baker, Baldwin and Makker 2012, para.5). Zernike echoes this basing her argument on a survey carried out by the University of California that showed a great shift of focus on comparing students goals in 1971 and 2009. In 2009, 78 percent of freshmen students were more focused on riches while only 48 percent were after meaningful philosophy as opposed to 1971 where only 37 percent were focused on wealth while 73 percent were focused on meaningful philosophy (2009, para.7).

Employe Search Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employe Search Process - subsidisation ExampleThis approach increases the chances of drawing potential candidates from a wide pool of professionals. The vacancys details in advertisements will include the positions available, applicants educational requirements, and skill levels required from potential employees. Interested parties can thus send in their applications by e-mail to reduce the potential candidates to those proficient with electronic communications.The companys expansion process requires it to have an intricate knowledge of the current trends in the US join attention. acquire for welding and welded products fell from $6.113 billion in 2006 to $6 billion in 2011, and this drop was attributed to reduced take in the construction and repair and maintenance markets (League set Advisors, 2013, p. 5). According to the League Park Advisors report (2013), enquire is expected to rise to $8.067 billion by 2016 as companies increase their production capabilities to meet gr owing market demand (p. 5). The labor availability in the welding industry is set to increase as industry players such as the manufacturing sector adopt automation for repetitive and hazardous tasks, but the demand for welding specialists will increase due to the need to monitor and direct these automation processes (League Park Advisors, 2013, p. 5).Due to these changes in the markets demands, labor availability will see a likely shift from the manufacturing industry as it increasingly adopts automation, towards sectors such as repair and maintenance and construction. Manufacturing services may also carry on from China as wages in that market increase, and this could increase demand for the US manufacturing market (League Park Advisors, 2013, p. 8). Projected annual growth rates of 6.8% and 11.8% for the repair and maintenance and construction markets respectively also overshadow the manufacturing markets growth rate of 5.7% and also proposes reactionary shifts in the labor mark et (League

Investment Strategy and Portfolio Management - 2 Essay

Investment outline and Portfolio Management - 2 - Essay ExampleThe move towards conservatism is a reaction to the recent crisis, as more people worldwide felt that not enough regulation was exercised by the government to go over risky instruments and markets. However, there is also a possibility that a more protectionist attitude may restrict the new administration, which may hamper economic result. The more conservative economic policy may lead either way it could provide a more stable environment for business by eliminating risks, however at the same time it might limit business opportunities. Thus new directions must be carefully watched post-election.According to the Wall Street Journal report, this years treasurys calculate deficit forecast, at 12.6%, remains to be the highest in the nations history, while forecasts for 2011 to 2011 economic growth appear to optimistic. Tax receipts remain weak be motility of the poor earnings level in twain the business and household sec tors of the economy (Norman, 2010). However, the Office of National Statistics reported that the UK economy actually grew by 0.1% for the uttermost quarter of 2009, the first following six quarters of economic contraction. It may not be determinate that the recession is ended, but it does provide a hopeful sign which may be confirmed in the coming quarters (Angus Reid, 2010)According to Price (2010), the current high levels of US government debt is a cause for worry. The uncertainty in the possible outcome of the credit tug-o-war itself exerts pressure on the market to perform with great volatility (erratic price movements). Price notes that the supply of gilts is moving upwards consistently, and together with it the UKs credit fundamental principle go out continue to quickly deteriorate. What would be worse is the threatened debt downgrade from one of the ratings agencies. This could mean that the UK will be able to source additional debt only at higher interest

Wellshire NHS Trust Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wellshire NHS Trust - Case Study Example gibe to the paper, HR policies identified in the case study ar centred towards nursing staff and their workplace environment. The particular finding report determined various problems that exists within two large hospitals operated by NHS Trust. There are four issues identified in the case study such as sickness absence, performance appraisal, employee relations, and learning and development. In recent years there has been increase in percentage of sickness absence. The major flat coat behind such problem give nonice be lack of employee motivation. Staff members are not cause enough to accomplish tasks or be regular in workplace practices. Stress related conditions suck been so prominent in the organization that it initiated short term absence. In such scenario line managers should channel effectively with team members. However data collected by line managers were not utilized come along in order to resolve issues. It can be stated t hat initiatives were not undertaken by line managers and this created much than problems in terms of increased degree of sickness absence. Inappropriate performance appraisal system can be denoted as another issue identified in the organization. Performance appraisal programs were undertaken by managers to shout certain competencies such as communication, service improvement, people development, quality, health and safety, diversity and equality. Appraisal meetings were often not held in scheduled time period. There was no record maintained regarding employee performance and this issue gained more prominence in context of workplace shifts. The main reason behind this problem was lack of engine room based applications. Hence it became difficult to track employee performance and implement productive strategies.

A Better Russian Space Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Better Russian Space Program - assay ExampleThis essay describes main events from the history of launchings and space researches in Soviet Union and modern Russia, much(prenominal) as the first artificial satellite called Sputnik 1 launching in 1957, the first man in space in 1961 and space launches lessening in 90th, because of economic issues, and later provoked by means of political disorder in the country. In 2000, as this essay states, Russias position on the manhood launching started to improve and moved in to top slot which it has detained ever since maintaining an average launching rate.But, sadly, in the last 2 years the Russian space computer programme, once was the envy by the whole world, has been approach a number of problems, especially since huge financial effort on the already strained Russian space agency. Second part of this essay suggests the way Russia can improve its own space program and what steps should it take, such as experiments with voyages to Mars , increasing their budget and develop a partnership program with NASA.In conclusion, this essay demonstrates the importance of what space agencies all over the world are doing daily. They are constantly researching and developing to better serve mankinds thirst for knowledge and comfort. This is why it is important to support and embrace space agencies at all times, for who knows what gifts they could bring us in the future. It also suggests, that Russia needs to work hard in make their space program the best, that it was in 1980s, and many believe that they can lead the way once more.

Nonverbal Feedback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nonverbal Feedback - Essay Examplehich individuals decease up in a conflict or businesses and their vocalisations leave a negative image of themselves in the eyes of the customers is back of their failure to skillfully custom nonverbal communication (Troester, 2007). It has become very essential for businesses and their cases to use nonverbal communication in an effective and efficient manner while dealing with customers. It is essential for organizations representatives to appropriately use the components of physical cues as well as physical appearance to deal with the customers otherwise they may end up losing their customer (Baack, 2012). For example, I witnessed a lady going up to a customer representative asking for a bank account opening form. The representative did not seem preferably raise in opening the account of the customer because he believed that it was not a major account and quite casually directed her towards the counter where the bank account opening forms we re kept. The lady sat down onerous to fill the form save could not understand the details of the form. Due to this she went to the representative and asked him to her help her. The representative responded in quite an unconcerned manner and told her to wait. The lady immediately understood that the representative was not interested and she left the bank in an angered manner. I followed her and asked her what the problem was. The lady told me that she wanted to open a new bank account and wanted to deposit a handsome amount of money but she felt that the bank was not interested. Due to this the bank lost a very major

205 Finals Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

205 Finals - Coursework ExampleTexas is a good example of a evince in which the control of guns has lead to drastic reduction in the number of crimes. Since the early 1990s, the crime grade has dropped by around 50 percent (LaRosa, 2002).Some bias exist in this article, there atomic number 18 incidences where the author agrees that guns control assist in the prevention of violent crimes and there other where the author entirely disagrees. Some of the examples given ar biased like the one on Washington, D.C. The author states that the murder order has increased by 134% while the boilersuit crime value has reduced by around 2 percent. The politicians blame the Virginias less strict gun control laws for the murders witnessed in D.C. The author further states that Virginia Beach, the largest metropolis in Virginia has the lowest rates of murder (LaRosa, 2002).The same passage discussed above is vague and does not fork over full details. Other areas where the statements are vague are the example given on Texas State. Crime rate is said to have reduce signifi fucktly since the adoption of the concealed carry laws. The culture provided only covers the overall decline and does not give much detail on how the concealed carry laws worked for the state.The source of the information is credible. The author provides an idea of how the gun control prevents the occurrence of violent crimes. It provides the history, arguments for and against gun control and examples concerning the topic. Rhetorical devices utilise are examples examples are given throughout the article.There are fallacies in the article, people who obey gun-control laws are less able to defend themselves against those who dont obey those same laws (LaRosa, 2002, par 17). The statement is a lie because those who obey the gun control laws can still be able to defend themselves. This is because they can obtain permits that legally allow them to carry guns.

Hacking and Cracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hacking and Cracking - probe ExampleThis means that the person performing hacking had to modify system carrying into actions to attain what they require or to perform unusual functions (Peterson and Bender, 2011).Hacking evolved after the invention of the fist computer in the 1950s and was widely changed and utilise to test the strength of systems. Later in 1980s hacking and cracking where differentiated by the Massachusetts form of Technology (MIT). tally to MIT, hacking is ethical non-destructive performances while cracking is non-ethical performances aimed at destroying computer systems either by breaking, wiping taboo data or infecting the system with viruses or malware. The 21st century description for hacking is based on the sideline terms. Hacking must follow safety measures, must not be destructive and must not arrive at effect on any person emotionally, physically or mentally. Hacking is performed with the help of the following schedule languages, telnet, trojan hor se horses and key loggers. Hacking with the use of Trojan horses helps the hacker to passwords. A Trojan horse is a kind of program that is only meant for hacking and not like viruses or worms. Viruses and worms replicate themselves and are meant for destruction of programs in the system (Peterson and Bender, 2011).According to Syed (2004), hacking is an illegal act if a person does not have authority to perform such actions. Hacking operation can be performed on various systems such as emails whereby persons hack email. Hacking is also do by computer experts who are able to write programs or have wide knowledge of programming languages. Hacking is in general performed to ascertain the strength of companys protection system. In this way, the organization can pin-point and correct the security flaws in the organization to avoid loss of data or computer virus infections. Cracking is done with help of software. However, the person cracking must also have a bit of knowledge of progra mming

Rising of Oil Prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

insurrection of Oil Prices - Essay ExampleOn the one hand, the western world led by the coupled States as the worlds largest consumer of energy, has been practicing geo-political policies that would ensure control and supply of this vital natural resource on the another(prenominal), the realization of the value of this near monopoly resource by the worlds leading anoint producers has stir up the supply, demand and value equation in a most significant manner. This conflict of interest has resulted in what we atomic number 18 witnessing today cartelization of the oil industry, soaring oil prices, weakening the dollar, rising inflation and worst of all, warfare/threat of further wars in West Asia - the major oil-producing region of the world. At USD 110 per barrel, there are ominous signs of not just in the US but a serious worldwide frugal downturn.In the West Asian region, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and the disjuncture countries are among the worlds largest oil producers. The US, UK, and other European oil corporations were controlling the oil exploration and refining industry here and setting the price of this vital commodity. The growing economies of the western countries and Japan needed ever-increasing volumes of the oil products, which had to be imported mainly from the Gulf region. The Arab-Israel conflict and the formation of the oil cartel Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), led to the first oil price shock. In the words of Meyer et al., possession of a monopoly resource by OPEC countries a rising soar of nationalist self-awareness, old resentment at exploitation would force renegotiation of the terms on which petroleum was to be made available Theoutbreak of the Yom Kippur war in 1973 and the subsequent oil embargo led to a quadrupling of the oil prices (Meyer et al., p.6). The days of cheap oil were over once and for all, although the later fluctuations in the prices were principally in tune with the increased availability of non-OPEC supplies, the occasional breakdown of cartel arrangement, supply/demand stance etc. For example during 1982 83, oil prices fell by 15% (Meyer et al., p.95) due to a decrease in US demand. Disruption of supplies due to the recent militant events in Nigeria, Africas largest oil producer, has also wedged oil prices (Shanmugam & Singh). Similarly, Russias stranglehold on supplies of oil and gas to east European nations dictates the energy prices.

The state of Social Security in the United States Term Paper

The state of Social Security in the joined States - Term Paper ExampleThe increase numbers of baby boomers and the recessive trends in the economy fool been the major concern of the young people who be the main contributors to the accessible hostage funds of the state. The single-valued function of the state therefore, has capture crucial, while incorporating the new developments in the societal changes of the time in their social form _or_ system of politics so that state benefit can reach every one. Social security is primarily indemnity programs for the senescent age, survivors and widows of earning members, disability sector, unemployed and the people who need state benefits to survive with dignity. Popularly known as OASDI or Old- Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance, its major funding for the same comes from evaluatepayers who have to pay contribution under federal official Insurance Contribution Act or FICA. The tax deposits is transferred to trust funds dedicate d under contrastive programs like old age and survivors insurance fund, federal disability insurance trust fund and so forth When the revenues exceed expenditure, the excess fund is invested in government bonds that is non marketable and is often used by government as deficit spending. In recent times, it has come under huge controversy mainly repayable to myriad reasons like increasing number of baby boomers who have retired, the rising numbers of unemployed who are unable to get etc. and therefore the burden of contribution to social security fund has more and more been borne by the current contributors. They feel that the fund might not be able to sustain their old age needs. The changing demographic equation and the old has necessitated reforms within the social security programs of United States so that new mechanisms can provide equity in state benefits to the various segment of concerned tribe. The sideline recommendations are designed to evolve innovative input into th e state policy matter loveseat social security. It is envisaged that new mechanisms would facilitate for effective and long term sustainable social security programs. 1. Introduce tax benefits and retirement age Coile and Grubber (2000) believe that retirement age should be redefined in terms of years that could increase social security wealth. Indeed, the retirement age needs to become the personal choice of the working population so that they are able to significantly increase their post retirement benefits. It is found that the tax benefits vis-a-vis age becomes a major incentive for the working population, especially for higher age group who increasingly pay lower taxes. Hence, innovative tax schemes should be introduced so that younger people would be attracted to contribute more towards social security fund. The baby boomers have become major beneficiaries of social security funds. The increasing number of baby boomers has significantly impacted the labor market and reduced p roductivity vis-a-vis increase income to expenditure. The baby boomers and retirees who are in good health must be encouraged to become generative through self employment. This would help lessen the burden on the young working population. Social security number should become mandatory for all citizens so that social security umbrella could be panoptic to the legitimate citizens of America. It is also recommended that the immigrant population should be required to pay extra for their spouse and children until the time they become eligible for permanent citizenship. 2. Investment of SS fund for

An analysis for Lewis'relection following the death of his wife Assignment

An analysis for Lewisrelection following the goal of his wife - Assignment ExampleEvents involving loss or separation may occur byout our lives (Lendrum & Syme 2004) scarcely death is a particular form of loss that is very different from the loss of innocence or control, such as in sexual abuse or rape or loss of condition and income such as in retrenchment or unemployment. It is also vastly different from the loss of dreams or ambition such as in the birth of a disabled child. Death is not still devastating, it is final, (Lendrum & Syme 2004) and any counselling that occurs must take into consideration that bereaved persons understand this in different ways. dissimilar individuals have varying concepts on what death brings, not only to them as the bereaved, but to the person who has died (Walton 1996). non everyone believes in the hereafter, and that souls are reunited after death. Not all believers share the same concepts about death and resurrection (Duffey 2007). thither ar e many variations on both philosophies. C S Lewis is well known for his Christian outlook, with an discernment that eternal life lies ahead for all souls, but a variety of these concepts exist in the confederation (Blank 2009).In addition, the shock of bereavement can give any person a new perceptiveness into their long-held beliefs. So allowances must be made and jumping to conclusions, or making presumptions, must be avoided if feasible (Kubler-Ross & Kessler 2007) .Just as C S Lewis had to redress his faith when his beloved wife died (Lewis 2001), many of those recently bereaved experience a shift in attitude - no matter how long they were held - that comes through shock and disbelief.Initial distress can often register as physical pain (Malkinson 2007). Lewis suffered from osteoporosis, so he was no stranger to pain, but the loss of H struck him like an ache from which in that location was no relief (Lewis 2001). Reaction to the death of someone

The social division in America Essay Example for Free

The affectionate socio-economic class in America strainThere are different sectors in the society when social in justices against the black race are act within the American society. This is cl previous(predicate) demonstrated within the governmental policies that are made within the American society that are mostly favor fitted of the White Americans alone. There are different spatial relations when the injustice against the black race is pursued by several sectors of the American community. As for example, in employment procedures, there is a widespread color divergence that keeps the Black American race from obtaining the best employment there is to stand up their living. As a result, only the low-level employment positions are left available for the express racial group. Although this situation does non happen all the time, there are only a few accounts when the Afro-American races are able to land higher positions than rank and file jobs. Aside from entering a c ertain(p) job position, the said discrimination happens even when the individual is already able to obtain a certain working position. A case on this matter readsA black employee was subjected to a barrage of racial epithets, culminating in an incident where white co-workers placed a noose around his neck in the confederation bathroom and choked him. The employer did non stop its employees, including managers, from harassing the employee on the basis of his race (black) and subjecting him to a racially violent work environment including verbal and physical abuse. (Source EEOC got a $1 million settlement of a racial harassment case. http//www. lawmemo. com/blog/discrimination_race/index. html).From this particular case, it could be notice that many among the American employers still see the black race as a lower level of human community that calls it harder for them to avoid racial discrimination cases that holds them responsible for not being able to attend to the needs and complaints of their Black American employees as vigorous as they are able to attend to the needs of their White American employees. When it comes to incarceration practices, it could be observed that the situation is almost the same. The favor is usually given to the white Americans.It could be noted than in traffic with different cases, the courts in the United States have a hard time becoming much object glass when the issue involves the racial differences of the whites versus the blacks. As noted in the study of the group of George Borjas Some studies note that the kink in black incarceration rates was shaped by the crack epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s. The invention of crack cocaine in the early 1980s represented a technological knowledgeableness that greatly increased the profitability of the cocaine trade.As illegal drug markets expanded, crime rose (Grogger and Willis, 2000). many an(prenominal) jurisdictions responded by increasing both drug arrests and the like lihood of imprisonment for convicted arrestees (Boggess and Bound, 1997). Crack and its consequences were concentrated in African-American communities, in part because pre-existing black gangs acted to profit from the expanding drug trade (Fryer et al, 2005). (Sourcehttp//irpshome. ucsd. edu/faculty/gohanson/BorjasGroggerHanson. pdf) Individual and adroit inferiority then is the primary result that is received by the entire American society.This particular puzzle affects the people as individuals, their opinions and their views with regards themselves begin to become inferior. True, discrimination among races in different fields of social division have and impact on people as individuals. Conclusion To be able to regulate the said situation, the black race tried to create some policies of absolutely separating themselves from the White society to be able to avoid dealing with the different problems of the said discriminative acts.Political commentators in the Republic of South Af rica are not slow to draw attention to the racial turmoil boiling up in opposite countries. In this they feel they find some justification for the South African policy of apartheid, an Afrikaans ledger literally meaning separateness. However, in the minds of South Africas critics, apartheid represents the last word in racial credulity and injustice. They argue that apartheid is degrading and is but an expression of selfish racialism to protect the interests of the white man in that part of Africa. South Africans hotly deny this.In efforts to justify their governments policy, political commentators make much use of the expression separate development as a synonym for apartheid. The policy, they argue, is not just to separate people by race, but, rather, to provide opportunities for each race to develop according to its own culture, abilities and social habits. In support of this view these political commentators point to the government-sponsored Bantustans or homelands for the Af rican people of various tribes. In these they can enjoy a large measure of internal self-government and develop almost as a state within a state.Efforts have been made to encourage white industrialists to establish factories on the borders of the Bantustans (called border industries). This would provide opportunity for employment in those areas that are mostly underdeveloped from the industrial viewpoint. However, it could not be denied that with all the efforts placed forward by the Black American society, they could still not pass of the freedom that they ought to experience. The social equality that they always wanted has not been completely experienced at al, not yet at this period of time.The realization of the society of the fact that everyone deserves to be treated equally regardless of the color of the skin of a certain race shall be the only key that could regulate the situation that invades the African-American society.References George Borjas. IMMIGRATION AND AFRICAN-AM ERICAN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES THE RESPONSE OF WAGES, EMPLOYMENT, AND INCARCERATION TO LABOR SUPPLY SHOCKS. http//irpshome. ucsd. edu/faculty/gohanson/BorjasGroggerHanson. pdf. (May 24, 2007). EEOC got a $1 million settlement of a racial harassment case. http//www. lawmemo. com/blog/discrimination_race/index. html. (May 24, 2007).The U. S. Equal Employment fortune Commission. Questions and Answers About Race and Color Discrimination in Employment. http//www. eeoc. gov/policy/docs/qanda_race_color. html. (May 24, 2007). Jonathan Richardson. (2006). The Complicated Life of the African-American small-arm (Whats on His Mind). Now Its Done Inc. Asafa Jalata. (2002).Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization Comparing the African American and Oromo Movements. Palgrave Macmillan. Francis Njubi Nesbitt. (2004). Race for Sanctions African Americans Against Apartheid, 1946-1994. Indiana University Press. Gloria J. Browne-Marshall. (2007).Race, Law, and American Society 1 607 to Present (Criminology and Justice Studies). Routledge 1 edition. The African study Bank. (2002). African Development Report 2002 Rural Development and Poverty Reduction in Africa (African Development Report). Oxford University Press, regular army New Ed edition. American Federation Federation. (2003). American Co Mason Official Bulletin of the American Federation of Human Rights 1932. Kessinger Publishing. Donald Wright. (2000). African Americans in the Colonial Era From African Origins through the American alteration (The American History Series). Harlan Davidson 2nd edition.

Similarties and Differences Essay Example for Free

Similarties and Differences EssayEvery day in real invigoration we go through a gentle troopsy struggles ranging from public vs. musical composition, slice vs. himself and even worldly concern vs. nature. The most communal struggle we all face is that of man versus man. In the on the spur of the moment stories Cathedral by Raymond Carter and Ernest Hemmingways A groovy lit shoes the main principal of the base is that of man versus man. In some(prenominal) short stories 3 characters atomic number 18 used, but in each twaddle each character is completely contrary than the former(a). Cathedral and A unobjectionable lighted erupt pct similarities and differences with the main principal of man versus man and the reasoning behind wherefore one man is against the other. some(prenominal) stories also piece of ground similarities and differences in their screen background and the most signifi stoolt differences twain stories boast is the resolution. In Cathedral a nd A Clean Well-Lighted postal service 3 main characters are used. In each story, one character is the adversary (the man freeing against the other) and the protagonist. In Cathedral the main characters are the married woman, the husband, and Robert. The husband is the antagonist while Robert is the protagonist. In A Clean Well-Lighted Place the three main characters are a customer who is an one- snip(a) man, a new-fangled waiter and white-haireder waiter.The younger waiter is the antagonist in while the nonagenarian man is the protagonist. twain stories share the similarities between their characters that the protagonist and antagonist are both men. Robert in Catherdral is a friend of the antagonists wife and that Robert is blind. The old man in A Clean Well-Lighted Place is the protagonist, who the other characters and reader know nothing more or less other than the fact that he is old. In both stories, the wife and the older waiter both try the protagonist. The first li ne in Cathedral is This blind man, an old friend of my wifes, he was on his way to spend the night.The wife knows the blind man and is friends with him. In A Clean Well-Lighted Place the younger waiter is angry because he doesnt agnize why the old man wont go home to which the older waiter replies He stays up because he likes it. While the characters are similar and different in each story the main troth of Man versus Man is another point that each story shares similarities and differences. In both A Clean Well-Lighted Place and Cathedral the central issue and reasoning behind the conflict of man versus man is addressed.In each story one main character is against another, both have similar and different reasons of why. In both stories the major conflict of man versus man happens because the antagonist does not fully understand the protagonist. In Cathedral the husband is against Robert because he does not know how to act roughly Robert because Robert is blind. The husband has ne ver had to encounter a blind person before and doesnt wish to. A excerpt from Cathedral shows exactly how the husband feels of Roberts visit I wasnt enthusiastic ab kayoed his visit. He was no one I knew.And his cosmos blind bothered me. There shows the main reasoning of why the husband is against Robert. In A Clean Well-Lighted Place the younger waiter is against the old man because he is tired and needs to go home. The younger waiter doesnt understand why the old man is still at his cafe so late. The younger waiter also doesnt like the old man because of his age he tells the older waiter I wouldnt want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing. Also throughout the story the younger waiter is talking of how the old man tried to commit suicide and how he doesnt understand why.The younger waiter is making assumptions about the old man throughout the story and finally kicks him out of the cafe. The reasoning that the younger waiter is against the old man is that he doesnt unders tand the actions of the old man and doesnt want to. Both stories share that in common, that the antagonist does not understand and does not want to get to know the protagonist. Both stories share similarities between man versus man and the reasoning behind this conflict. Cathedral and A Clean Well-Lighted Place also share similarities and differences between their settings.Both A Clean Well-Lighted Place and Cathedral come across clothe at night time. The first line in A Clean Well-Lighted Place is It was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the tracing the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In Cathedral the story starts around dinner time and goes into the night. Although both stories concentrate place at night time- both stories have tremendously different places. In Cathedral the story takes place in the wife husbands house. In A Clean Well-Lighted Place the story takes place at a small cafe.Neither one of the stories gives a towns name for the reader to associate the story with. Also, neither story gives too numerous details about the place of the story. The only indication of how the cafe was in A Clean Well-Lighted Place was when the older waiter said This is a clean and pleasant cafe. It is well lighted. Both stories share the similarity in setting because of the stories taking place at night time. Both stories are different in the setting because of the fact that one takes place in a house, and the other takes place in a cafe.Although both short stories share their similarities with the characters, the main conflict and the setting- both stories have a very different resolution. In A Clean Well-Lighted Place the younger waiter, the antagonist, eventually kicks out the old man, the protagonist. The older waiter then tries to talk to the younger waiter about how the cafe can be a place of peace for certain people, regardless of the time. The younger waiter doesnt want to have that conversation he sightly wants to go home. The younger waiter is selfish and if it doesnt eudaemonia him, he doesnt want anything to do with it.In Cathedral the husband, the antagonist, eventually gets to know Robert, the protagonist. Towards the end of the story Robert and the husband share some stories, share some laughs. As the husband and Robert are watching television, Robert asks the husband to try to explain what a Cathedral looks like. When the husband cant explain to Robert what a duomo looks like, Robert has the husband draw a cathedral while Roberts hand is on the pen being used also. Then Robert tells the husband to close his eyes and keep drawing, and the husband does.The last line in Cathedral was the husband saying Its really something,. This last line shows that the husband finally understands that although Robert is blind, that Robert can still experience things just as well as him. The resolution in A Clean Well-Lighted Place was the fact that the younger waiter got to go home, bu t the younger waiter didnt take anything away from his experience meaning the conflict he has with the old man is still on going. In Cathedral the husband eventually stops the conflict of man versus man when he finally realizes that Robert is just like him.The short stories Cathedral by Raymond Carter and A Clean Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemmingway both share similarities and differences. When the similarities are pointed out the two stories appearm to run parallel with each other man versus man, 3 characters and the setting. But, when the differences in the details of man versus man, the three characters and the setting are pointed out it is easy to see these stories have completely different plots and twists. The major difference between both stories is the resolution. Both stories show similarities and differences at heart each.

The name China most likely came from the Qin Dynasty Essay Example for Free

The name chinaware around likely came from the Qin Dynasty tryThe name China most likely came from the Qin Dynasty (pronounced Chin), and has had a great impact on sophisticated China. spot the Qin Dynasty only lasted 9 years, the impact of the Qin Dynasty and Emperor cannot be underestimated. Ancient Chinas Qin Dynasty united China into a solid union under a legalist form of government, created beautiful yet functional art, and had an Emperor that alike(p) the currency, measurement and account book of the country for the first time. The Qin family was the first family to unify China as a whole, later being the most powerful family during the Warring Period. The Emperor managed to back upardize measurement, currency and written script across all of China to repair communication. The Qin Dynasty is also famous for its beautiful and unique art that has lasted even up to today. The Qin family came to power in 221 BCE as the most powerful family after the Warring Period (4 75-221 BCE) in China. after(prenominal) essentially winning China over from the other families, the Qin Emperor quickly united China to rescind another Warring Period. China was ruled under a legalist form of government, like the late Qin severalise had been ruled by.The land of the China was divided to 36 commanderies, which were in turn divided into sub countries. each of the commanderies had a civil governor, a military commander and an imperial inspector who had to report to the Emperor (China elaboration par. 2). The Qin was not the most culturally advanced family, but had the strongest and largest army of the warring families during the time before the Qin Dynasty. In order to keep order the Qin Dynasty rulers utilized many new warfare technologies and tactics, especially in the horse cavalry divisions. Another lasting impact of the Qin Dynasty is the power of a leaders personality in China. regular(a) after the end of the Qin Dynasty, the next Dynasties based their pract ices on many practices of the Qin Dynasty. Although the Qin Emperor was not well like (China Culture par. 4), he brought together his country into a solid state with good communication surrounded by the people and the Emperor. From serving in the afterlife to protecting all of China, art in this Dynasty was beautiful as well functional. Many families during the Warring Period built walls to protect their land (Great Qin Wall par. 2). It was not until the Qin Dynasty started the antecedently built walls were connected into a 5,000 km wall (Great Qin Wall par. ). The wall stood for many centuries, and sections of it still stand today, however the Great Wall that you see today has either been rebuilt over the over all or constructed completely new in the Ming Dynasty. The sections of the Qin wall that still stand are well preserved and had stood the rill of time. This wall not only stood as a means of protection, but as a figure of power over the other states and to the Emperor. Th e most famous pieces of artwork of the Dynasty are the 7,500 clay sculptures that make up the terracotta army in the burial chamber of the Emperor.These sculptures were placed in the chamber in place of the servants that employ to be buried with Emperors, to protect and serve in the afterlife (China Culture par. 3). The sculptures are outfitted with documentary weapons, chariots and pottery horses. Each face and pieces of armor were carved individually so that none of them look but the same (Hollihan-Elliot 15). These pieces of art had functionality, and were unique to China and the Qin Dynasty. The Qin Emperor standardized many things to further his country and improve communication across the large mass of land.Writing and numbers were standardized in the written script to improve officials communication with each other and the Emperor. During the Warring Period, many different types and variations of scripts were used, reservation communication catchy for everyone (China Cul ture par. 3). Standardizing written script into a single script was less confusing for the people who ran the grand country. Cart axel measurements were standardized and made equal all over China. Cart wheels made deep ruts in the soft paths and cart that did not have the same width wheels and axels had difficult times travelling on the imprinted roads (Dynasties of Asia par. ). The carts were needed to bring things for trade in and out of the main cities, and if they could not travel properly on the roads, the shipping was delayed or the carts toppled over, losing varies supplies and food. Currency was simplified into a round copper coin, with a square hole in the center for stringing them on the rope. These copper coins completely removed the bartering system (Dynasties of Asia par. 3). These standardizations, most of which are still in place today, more solidly unified China and helped pushed the influence of China and its culture forward.Ancient Chinas Qin Dynasty had beautifu l, unique and functional art, was the first true unified China, and had an Emperor who standardized the country. This Dynasty is the greatest Dynasty simply because these things, many of which have stuck around for centuries in Chinese culture even up until today. While the Qin Dynasty was short, its legacy has lead other, better Dynasties up to what they were. Most other Dynasties practiced were tweaked based on the Qin Dynasty, making it the greatest Dynasty in Chinese history.

Mutations in Dna Essay Example for Free

Mutations in Dna EssayAlthough most mutations argon either neutral or harmful they are also the raw material for evolution. Such mutations from alleles, change forms of a given gene that may produce differences in structure or function much(prenominal) as black, brown or blond hair in humans, or distinguishable mating calls in frogs.Stages of Mitosis1)Parent cadre.2)Chromo somewhats make identical copies of themselves.3)They line up along the centre.4)They move apart.5)Two daughter cells form with identical chromosomes to the bring up cell.Homologous chromosomes have the same genes, but each homologue may have the same alleles of some genes and different alleles others. The cell rhythm is tightly controlled. Both during the embryonic development and during the maintenance and repair of the adult body, progressing with the cell cycle is regulated primarily by two interacting processes. (1)Production of, and responses to, growth factors that generally speed up the cell cycle (2)Intracellular checkpoints that stop the cell cycle if problems such as mutations in the deoxyribonucleic acid or misalignment of the chromosomes have occurred. Most cancers develop because one of both of these processes goes awry.Many different molecules control the cell cyclePorto-oncogenesAny gene whose proteins tends to promote mitotic cell division if called a proton-oncogene. The genes for growth factors, grow factor receptors, and some cyclins and Cdks are proton-oncogenes. In most cases, progress through the cell cycle beings when a growth-stimulating protein such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) applys to a receptor on the surface of a cell. This stimulates the synthesis of cyclins which bind to Cdks and activate them. Thus, these proton-oncogenes are essential to the normal control of the cell cycle. Tumor suppressor gene genesThe protein products of tumor suppressor genes prevent uncontrolled cell division and the production of daughter cells with mutated DNA, both of which are common in tumors. Cdks regulate the activity of other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them.One such protein is Rb. Normally, Rb inhibits transcription of several genes whose protein products are required for DNA synthesis. Phosphorylation of Rb by Cdks relieves this inhibition in the G, leg of the cell cycle, allowing the cell to proceed to the S phase and replicate its DNA. This chain of events, from growth faction comment to phosphorylation of Rb, ensures that the cell cycle starts up only when the body needs it to. Another tumor suppressor protein, called P53 monitors the lawfulness of the cells DNA and indirectly regulates Rb activity.Healthy cells with intact DNA, contain little P53. However, when DNA has been damaged (for manikin by ultraviolet rays in sunlight), P53 levels rise. The P53 proteins that inhibit Cdks. If Cdks are inhibited then Rb is not phosphorylated and DNA synthesis is blocked this prevents the cell from producing daughter cells with damaged DNA. The P53 stimulated the synthesis of DNA repair enzymes. subsequently the DNA has been repaired, P53 levels decline, Cdks become active, Rb becomes phosphorylated and the cell enters the S phase. If the DNA cannot be repaired, P53 triggers a special from of cell death called apoptosis, in which the cell cuts up its DNA and effectively commits suicide.

Nutrition Workout Log Essay Example for Free

Nutrition Workout Log EssayDid you meet your nutritional goal? Explain wherefore you did or wherefore you did not meet your goal. Yes I met my goal because I only drank one bum of soda for dinner in a whole day. Usually I drink about 3 a day, so Im trying to lower my soda intake everyday. Explain why your nutritional goal is important to maintain health. My nutritional goal is important to maintain good health because the acid is high in soda. I realized that soda eats the inner layer of your stand up and also eats the enamel absent your teeth. Did you encounter any challenges as you strived to meet your goal?Yes, It was great(p) for me to reach my goal because im used to inebriety soda multiple times a day. I started drinking more water so it got my mind off of drinking soda. Did pursuing your nutritional goal conjure up your physical activity in any way? Why or why not? Yes, when I drank less soda I realized that I wasnt as tired, and also wasnt as hungry. When I work ed out I had more energy and felt better about myself. Fitness exam Comparison (worth 20 points) Repeat the body composition fitness test from the Getting Started lesson.Compare your victor body composition result (body business deal index or BMI) with your current body composition result(body mass index or BMI). Write out your original score and status, along with your current score and status. passkey score ___26. 2_______ Current score ___24. 7________ Did your results improve? Why or why not? Yes my results improved since the beginning. Ive been working out more and eating healthier food to try and make myself better off in the long run. Date Warm-Up Physical Activity Intensity (Light, Medium, or High) Cool-Down Mins 10/17/12 Body stretches Running Medium- High

Dramatic Irony to Build the Character of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Dramatic satire to Build the Character of Macbeth EssayMacbeth, t heres a passage in which the King is oratory with Banquo and Macbeth. They are in the Kings palace, commenting about Macbeth becoming Thane of Cawdor. One of the literary resources that Shakespeare constantly uses is irony. In this case, he uses dramatic irony, in which the earreach is aware of a situation that the other characters are non familiar with. In this specific circumstance, he uses the irony to build up the character of Macbeth, to let the audience judge him themselves. There are various examples in which the dramatic irony is explicit. The King has high expectations of the works that Macbeth is going to fulfill. He trusts Macbeth and he has just been assigned to be Thane of Cawdor. He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust. The King is referring to the former Thane of Cawdor who betrayed him, hes committing the same skid twice, but he seems to be too naive, not considering the fact that maybe Macbeth can betray him too. Macbeth is not planning on doing so yet, but he is being tempted to.The audience knows that Macbeth has spoken to the three witches, that he has the idea of becoming king in his mind, the king doesnt know this. Macbeth has been presented to us as a good person, not evil. He doesnt seem to have any plans against the king, or against anybody, he seems to be honest and pacific. We think like this and so do the rest of the characters. The problem is that an obstacle has been placed in his way, he has been tempted, he is being manipulated into becoming greedy and ambitious.Temptation is attacking his mind, one can all the way identify this in his aside, let not light see my black and deep desires . He is admitting to himself that he is feeling inducement to commit a crime in order to get to the crown. The situational irony here is present because of the fact that the king is saying wonderful comments about Macbeth and he is answering him with all gaze and honor, but the audience hears his aside, proving him to be kind of a hypocrite. The get wind the spectators have of Macbeth is beginning to change. Macbeth praises the King in each and every one of his sentences.He continues telling him how hard he is going to work for him, how very much he honors him and what a pleasure it is to work directly for him. The viewers start to question the veracity of Macbeths statements. He seems to be trying to convince the King to trust him, when Macbeth doesnt even trust himself because he is very confused. The service and the loyalty I owe, / In doing it, pays itself. Macbeth seems to be honest when he speaks these words, but when we mind to his soliloquy we doubt this. This is what builds the situational irony again.The dramatic irony is a tool for the audience to learn more than about the character of Macbeth. The listeners used to think that Macbeth was impulsive, naive, and good hearted, after this scene, people start to question that . This aims to the radix of the play, Fair is foul, and foul is fair . Theres confusion between whats right and whats wrong. To this point, the spectators dont know what to think about Macbeth, it is all summarized in what the king said, Theres no art / To find the minds construction in the face. No matter what your image of somebody is, theres a fifty/fifty chance that this is false.

Utilitarianism and Greatest Happiness Principle Essay Example for Free

usefulism and superlative Happiness Principle EssayHappiness Happiness In one word, this theory exemplifies the American dream.People go to any means by which to obtain the many varied materials and issues that hasten pleasures in each individual, and intrinsic every(prenominal)y, this emotion remains the ultimate goal, John Stuart Mill, a nineteenth century philosopher, flop urge ond the pursuit of happiness, and maintained the concept that above all early(a) values, pleasure existed as the final destination, mill hedonistic views correctly and rationally identified a graphic mankind tendency, and his Utilitarian arguments strongly stand-in the theory that above all else, happiness is the most meaning(a) dream to be fulfilled. Upon researching for this paper, I came crossways a counter argument, which was based on metaphysics. Immanuel Kant, in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, defends his strong beliefs in the issue of a computable will, and surfaces as MMs chief opponent on the topic of metaphysics, The issue diminishes to a clash amongst emotions and pleasures ve rses rationality and logic. Yet, what use is logic when the good agent is miserable? Mills stance within Utilitarianism exists as the more well-to-do of the two beliefs, for happiness exist as the one intrinsically favorable element, non an emotionless mind.The main defender of the Utilitarian system exists within the superior happiness Principle. Mill lived as a chief advocate of this concept, which incarnates the idea that a decision is morally correct as recollective as it increases and encourages pleasures and happiness. Kant, however, in his endless quest to remain separate from emotions and thrive only on logic, would implore that autonomy should be placed above happiness in a list of intrinsic values. A good will, however, does not comfort an individual in any way if happiness does not keep an eye on this asset, Consider this example of a seemingly happily mar ried couple.The wife in this duo is devilish in love with her married man fiercely loyal, and completely happy with her marriage and children. The husband, however, as wrongfully strayed, and had a brief, but damaging affair behind his wifes back. Kant would argue that autonomy reigns everywhere pleasure, and the woman should therefore motive to be informed of her husbands adultery, Mill would greatly disagree. By revealing the secret of the past affair, the womans happy population would be instantly shattered. Her pride would diminish, her stability would fall apart, and the children especially would be forced to view a nasty side of their beloved father.In this case, individual control is greatly overshadowed by the need for happiness. The husband is no longer acting unfaithful and the family can easily continue to live in a happy truem, If the secret were to become uncovered, all genus Phalluss of this circumstance unavoidably would become terribly disappointed, Under the G reatest Happiness Principle, the wife should not be informed. Since happiness truly lives as the ultimate in human desires, sparing such immense amounts of pain truly is the logical choice, Mills argument prevails, and all those entangled remain happy.Through this example, one can easily see that although autonomy is often a favorable feature, it does not overshadow the importance of happiness. One of the main arguments against Utilitarianism exist in the lack of apparent fairness. An advocate of the Kantian logic principle would argue that Mills belief system does not allow for partake treatment, When considering what is best for an entire high society, however, it is necessary for certain individuals to endure suffering.The good of society remains the ultimate goal, and hapless pain is therefore inevitable, If young children are being killed in a certain community, the obvious good for this society is discovering and punishing the murderer. Especially when children are involve d, people automatically demand prompt justice. The officials of this area adjudge searched immensely for the accused, yet no leads have surfaced, and the community suddenly erupts with anger, they demand that close toone be punished, As a Utilitarian, the police chief sees a window of opportunity.A drug dealer has recently been brought in on yet another drug selling offense, and the chief decides to coerce the invalu able member of society into confessing the crime at hand, By doing so, the community instantly reunites in support and a dangerous and baleful revolt is avoided, and a menace to society is right back where he would have been regardless of his acknowledgment behind bars, Kant, however, would argue that logically, the chase for the true offender should continue.He would shun the emotional decision to slang the whole society happy by ignoring the rational decisions. But since the community obviously chooses happiness over logic, Kants arguments are irrelevant. In addi tion, Kant thinks in a decision making process completely separate from the natural human emotions, Such a demand is possible only for a character such as Star Treks Dr. Spock, for human emotions are as much a part of every day sustenance as the decision making process itself. Logically speaking, therefore, Mills Utilitarianism arguments maintain the largest dose of validity.Other opponents to the philosophic viewpoint of Utilitarianism state that followers of this belief system often promote an unknowledgeable lifestyle, They maintain that advocates of the Greatest Happiness Principle believe in the theory that ignorance is bliss, Again, such reasoning is quite faulty. Displaying the erroneousness of this literary argument can be done by examining the issue of AIDS, An opponent of Utilitarianism would say an Infected HIV dupe would not want to be aware of his disorder, Such a belief is extremely incorrect.Mill and other Utilitarian are strong advocates of education, for with i ntelligence, greater levels of achievement and happiness can be obtained. A member of this belief system would rightly argue that being aware of the disorder could increase long-term happiness, for treatments and support from friends and family could greatly aid the victims fight against his or her alhnents, Mills therefore strongly support education systems and believe in making society as a whole as happy as possible.In the case of the AIDS victim, a Utilitarian would also support the notification of the disorder to the victim in order to spare others of contracting the virus, The happiness of the majority would not be increased by an illiterate HIV carrier spreading the disease to other defenseless individuals, Utilitarianism clearly is not a ignorant way to live, and the Kantian philosophy of ignoring the irrational system of emotions cannot refute this standard. Without happiness, the other opportunities and necessities lose nearly all levels of importance.A true Utilitarian s upports only those concepts that promote the highest levels of pleasures, and as Mill states, encourages only those actions that promote real happiness, From a Kantian viewpoint, rationality and the possession of a good will remains the most important element, but even someone with the truest and most logical of intentions can easily exist in a realm of pure depression. The one link that exists between these opposite belief systems is the concept that, all decisions should be made outside of ones personality.The key is that Kant said this decisions should be made without any regard for human emotions, A bespeak of this magnitude is a part of a utopian society only, for ignoring ones emotions is an illogical assumption in itself, If your child and wife are both dying, deciding which one to save cannot be made without some emotional influence, Utilitarianism allows for the emotional side of life but requests only that the Greatest Happiness Principle be strictly followed.Any truly de cent human being naturally follows such a request every day, Decisions are made based on the superlative level of happiness, That way, the largest majority of people benefit, and the greatest amount of happiness is achieved. Yet as Kant believed, a more morally correct decision lies at the heart of every dilemma.How does one decide who is morally more correct to save in an cause where two cherished loved ones are passing away, and only one individual may be saved? And even more importantly, how does one do so without regard emotions? I personally timber that living strictly by the doctrine of Kantian philosophy is completely impossible. Being a Utilitarian and hedonist, such as Mill, makes more sense to me.

Evolution Theory Essay Example for Free

ontogenesis Theory EssayDarwin spent five years exploring the world. Darwin traveled to many places mainly in the Confederate Hemisphere. As he traveled from place to place, Darwin was surprised, by the similarities between the species. He wrote in his journal of the Galapagos Islands, thither is even a difference between the inhabitants of the different islands yet all show a marked relationship with those of America, though separated from that continent by an open space of ocean, between 500 and 600 miles in width. At this early stage of his life, along with graduating college Darwin soon began collecting evidence for his speculation of Evolution and innate selection. While on his journey Darwin made many observations. They were mainly about the different species he saying on the Galapagos Islands. Each island had a different variation of birds. He sight that the beak sizes of the finches were different on each island beca commit of the size seeds they ate.Darwin notice d that beings reproduce more issue than can survive. Each individual offspring has unique characteristics that can be hereditable. Most of Darwins observations focused on the idea of instinctive adaptions. Darwin noticed that the body parts an animal used the most for survival, evolved over periods of time. Meaning if a giraffe tends to use its neck a lot, it will extend in length throughout time. This is an organisms natural adaption to, living within its environment. These observations lead to the hypothesis of Evolution. Aside from this Darwin observed the competitive field among organisms. An organisms physical adaption can either make or break them. Survival of the fittest is key in every habitat. Through evolution, organisms have been allowed to make physical and behavioral adaptions that can be beneficial towards survival.In his theory Darwin states that organisms have palpable differences. This difference can be inherited from the offsprings pargonnts. Another level of f is that organisms produce more offspring than can survive. From these organisms that are produced, many do not reproduce later on in life. Since so many organisms are reproduced there is a run for the survival of the fittest. Individuals best suit to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. The characteristics that make them best suited to their environment are passed on to offspring. Individuals whose characteristics are not as well suited to their environment conk or leave fewer offspring.Organisms change over time, this is the theory that Darwin tries to prove known as evolution. It is believed that organism adapt t their environment and change over periods of time. The species that live in present day are descendants form those in the past. All organisms on Earth are united by one(a) common ancestor. These are the major points form Darwins theory of Evolution. I feel that Darwins theory is very accurate. Organisms adapt over time and this adaptions help w ith natural survival. Evolution occurs over periods of time and has conduct us to our modern state. Every organism is the descendant of a prehistoric ancestor. There are visible similarities, but sometimes it may be hard to tell an organisms ancestor. I feel that if changes occur bit by bit it can be easily noticed that organisms physical, behavioral and outer appearances change.

PlayStation 3 VS Xbox 360 Essay Example for Free

PlayStation 3 VS Xbox 360 EssayAlthough PlayStation 3 argon both great dusts, PlayStation 3 the better buy. Both lockers have awesome features such as 3D motion free rein, unlimited music, and online play. yet sensation of these consoles can be consider the best of the best. The PlayStation 3 is by far the superior console with its Blu-ray integration, amazing cell processor, and reversible wireless controller.The first distinction is The PlayStation Network is free, whereas Xbox Live Gold charges a gamer yearly to use their services. After making one PlayStation purchase, a gamer does not have to worry some internet again. A soulfulness gets all the same features on PlayStation 3 for $250 dollars, plus forty spare gigabytes of memory. However, Xbox 360 costs $249 dollars plus fifty dollars for a one-year membership. Not including the fee of fifty dollars a person does not obtain the full features because they always have to worry closely renewing their membership.Ano ther difference is the PlayStation 3 controllers are rechargeable, while Xbox 360 controllers need batteries or other attachments. With the PlayStation 3 a gamer receive one controller with a chord to charge it. in any case when the controller dies a gamer can hook it up to their PlayStation and it will still play as it charges. In contrast, a Xbox 360 does not come with a rechargeable controller, a gamer constantly has to buy batteries or pay extra for attachments. With the Playstation3 having the rechargeable controller gives a gamer to a greater extent gameplay.Last but not least, PlayStation 3 graphics seem more defined, but Xbox 360 graphics are often unrealistic and cartoonish. The PlayStation has Blu-ray player for better graphics and watching movies. Its very crisp and glow because of the quick cell processor. On the other hand, Xbox 360 does not have Blu-ray capabilities and its processor is much slower. That makes the games and movies resolution much lower. The PlayStati on 3 has faster andmore efficient technologies and that leads to better gaming experiences.Finally, with the free network that the PlayStation 3 has it will save a person more money than Xbox 360. Also having the rechargeable wireless controller with the PlayStation 3 a gamer is able to have more gameplay without worrying about paying for batteries or extra attachments. Last, even though Xbox 360 has an unlimited amount of games, its graphics are not as realistic as the PlayStation 3. In conclusion, the PlayStation 3 is by far the better gaming system to buy.

Pop Culture Essay Essay Example for Free

Pop Culture attempt EssayThere are many movie genres out(p) today than there were before in preferably years. Movie genres are basically different types of movies, such as revulsion, suspense, mystery, drama ,romance, etc. Today it seems that close peoples favorite movie genre is horrow or action. Action movies have a lot of different rack in them that is pleasing to the eye.Action movies are typically loud and have a lot of fighting, racing, and heroic things in the film. Horror movies on the other hand have a lot of scary things in the movies. Their big thing is that the more blood they have the better it is to the audience watching. nevertheless though horror and action may be the top picks of the rest of the country, I have my own genre of movies that I particularly like the best.My favorite genre of movies is romance. In a romance based movie, it is filled with chi nookye and a lot of laughter throughout the whole movie. While most romance movies start dispatch ba d and balance up with a happy ending, some start out good and end good as well. Most romance movies today start out existence bad and thence it ends up in the happy ending that you suspect from the title of the movie.Romance movies go through any movie genre there is. There is suspense and sometimes a little horror as well. Sometimes, and most of the time, they digest a lot of drama. The best romance movies are the ones full of drama that is period of play to watch. Every woman around the cosmos enjoys a good romance movie.Many women around the world love romance movies, including myself. Simply because they meet the cravings that all woman has sometime throughout their lives. Each and every romance movie touches a woman in some modality or another. Every lady friend dreams of having that guy from a love story. They want them to be loving and caring and when we watch these movies we imagine ourselves being the girl in the movie. Some movies, even make a girl feel better afte r(prenominal) a breakup. However, some of the real love stories can make it worse than ever before.Also, romance movies allow for make you cry if it is one of those that are filled with sad moments throughout the whole movie. As a girl, sometimes we feel the need to cry, whether it is stress or PMS. Theromance movies are a good way to perplex out the inner emotions and in the end, make you feel a whole lot better. frolic is another movie genre that gets included into romance movies. Drama can be funny and it can also bring out deeper thoughts and emotions. Everyone and especially women, have a fair share of their love for drama. Women like to gossip and chick flick, love stories are filled with it. Gossiping is a way to let things out and to give out information that can be bad or good. It just depends on who is saying it or what is said. The good thing is, the drama in the romance stories are usually not true. Even though we all get a good laugh at the stupid ones in the movie.I n conclusion, romance genre movies are a favorite. They can make you happy or sad or bring out different emotions. Romance movies are twisted with drama along with romance to bring out laughter or anger in the audience. Everyone will have their own personal reply to every single romance movie that comes out. Therefore, in my opinion, romance genre movies are the best because they contain many qualities that other genres do. Meaning that they satisfy almost every craving that a person has for a good movie.

Criminal Offfences Drug Addiction And Crime Criminology Essay

Criminal Offfences dose Addiction And Crime Criminology try ondo do medicinesss such as marijuana and cocaine and amphetamines and heroin together with dose- junkyion atomic number 18 cor link up to hatred in a number of ways. Being a turn offence to use, to be in possession, to produce, or to make do these do dosess, they atomic number 18 categorized as prohibited. The upshots of usage of doses, including aggression, including robbery to guide got funds to acquire medicines, including aggression against competition traffickers, affect the society every day and argon vile effects. A number of interference utility(a)s ar on hand to play inmates requirements and conditions in the correctional arrangement. Drug treatment courses in correctional centres closely often than not argon successful in averting patients going back to unlawful behaviour, exactly are unsuccessful well-nigh often than not if they are not connected to club-centred programs that continue treatment when the patient leaves prison. The most successful medicate treatments programs in prison have diminished the re-arrest rate by 25% to 50% (Belenko 33). The aim of correctional facilities such as prison is twofold first, it punishes wrongdoers and secondly it rehabilitates flagitiouss and individuals with pervert behaviour. The French philosopher Michel Foucault argued that punishment has changed every(prenominal) over a limit from instill discipline in the body to instilling discipline in the soul. The rehabilitation of convicted miserables is an important facet of the contemporary criminal justness system. The criminal justice system nowadays is working to rehabilitate inmates and the prison rehabilitation programs vary in degrees, type, and form from prison to prison. In the past years, rehabilitation was focused straight at reforming the personality of offenders, its aim now is on averting reoffending.Prison program Drug treatmentIn a similar fashion, dose treatment programs in Prison are designed to rehabilitate drug lusus naturaes in prison. For instance, the Delaware Model, a continuing interrogative sentence of wide-ranging treatment methods for prisoners who are addicted to drug abuse illust order that prison-based treatment programs, work release redress community, community-based aftercare and therapeutic community surroundings included cuts the chances of re-arrest by 57 percent and cut the odds of retroversion into drugs by 37 percent. One quality essential for successful programs is progressing, wide-ranging aftercare in the society. This decreases the probability that an addict will be detained and found guilty another time (Thomas 16).History of Drug Treatment apply drug relates to violent abhorrence (statistic)Statistics show that drug addicts are more prone than nonusers to perpetrate crimes, which arrested criminals, are found often to be chthonian the diverge at the time they carried place the offence and t hat drugs overcompensate violence. It is the weighing up the nature and degree of the effects of drugs on criminal activities that necessitate that dependable development near the crime, and the lawbreaker is accessible and meanings of terms be consistent. In the face of challenging data, it is not manageable to establish quantitatively the influence of drug addiction on the happening of crime. Drugs are linked to most criminal activities by the outcomes they have on the addicts actions and by breeding violence and other prohibited goings-on associated with drug trafficking. Drug-related crimes and the drug-using way of life play a key better in the U.S. crime issue. More than 50% of arrested criminals in the US demonstrate positive for illicit drugs (Thomas 17). According to the same institute, use of and addiction on drug is strongly associated to robbery and assets crime more than it is to violent offences. A majority of addicts carries out crimes to obtain money to purcha se drugs. According to the National Institute of Justice, at least 25% of men who conceptualize out acts of domestic violence have drug problems and that drug-addicted women are more prone to scummy abuse (Thomas 18). The 2004 survey of Inmates in State and Federal penitentiaries found out that 32% of State convicts and 26% of Federal prisoners admitted to having committed the crimes they are serving time for under the influence of drugs. In State prisons, drug offenders and property offenders recorded the highest admission rates for being under the drugs influence when committing a crime at 44% and 39% respectively. In Federal penitentiaries, drug offenders (32%) and violent crimes convicts (24%) reported the highest occurrence of being under drugs influence when they committed their crimes.Efforts to prevent drug abuse using retribution systems do not keep up since these attempts do no tackle the multifaceted basis of drug abuse, which start in the milieu of family issues and d eviant conduct. Many go to prison. Few reform in prison. Cause Overcrowding in PrisonThe vicious calendar method of birth control of arrest, imprisonment, discharge, and re-arrest is very common. As indicated by various nationwide studies, more than half of the prison population test positive for illegal drugs (Taylor et al. 3-4). The U.S. state and federal prisons and jails hold approximately 1.9 million convicts (Beck and Harrison). This means that the major parcel of the high-prison population in the United States is drug abuse. Most of the inmates are finally released from the prisons to go back to the community. However, about six hundred thousand state and federal convicts are nor returning to prison each year. A majority of those returning are drug addicts therefore, keeping the cycle rolling.Effectively cutting that cycle and related crime is largely dependent on successfully treating drug-abusing criminals. A number of treatment alternatives are on hand to tackle inmate s requirements and conditions in the correctional system. One such alternative program is the Drug Courts program. Drug Courts are judicially administered move dockets that deal with cases of nonviolent drug abusing lawbreakers under the juvenile, family, adult, and tribal justice structures. Drug Courts function under a specific mould in which the courts, prosecutors, defence bar, the police, mental health services, community services, and the treatment services work jointly to assist nonviolent lawbreakers find restoration in heal and turn into productive human beings. The essay analyses how the Drugs Courts program can help sheer the number of ex prisoners who are being sent back to prison each year. It also analysis how the program helps reduce the population in the American prisons. The essay summarizes the general workings and usefulness of drug courts all over the country and underlines possible concerns and areas where additional study is required.DRUG COURTSIn 1989, Flor ida officials set up the nations pioneer drug court. This unique court was calculated to entrench drug treatment fully into the prison system and the criminal justice system in general. The courts were established for criminals with a past of drug abuse as a measure for their addiction treatment, while concurrently guaranteeing control, and approval when necessary, from the courts. The movement for a different court to ordinance on drug offenders come about from the swiftly sprouting truth that the nations resolution to tackle drug abuse by employing law enforcement methods would keep on posing considerable problems for the criminal justice system. In 2004, 53% of prisoners incarcerated in state prison were identified as drug addicts or users, but nevertheless 15% were getting professional help (Mumola and Karberg 7). Drug use and addiction linked criminal activities anticipate an expensive load to the American society, one that most prison drugs treatment programs have failed to halt. In 2001, the potency of National Drug Control Policy approximated that in 1998 prohibited use of drug cost the treasury $31.1 billion in criminal justice costs, $30.1 billion in lost output and $2.9 billion in costs connected to property damage and discrimination (Belenko 2).Ever since 1989, drug courts have increased all over the country. Presently, there are more than 1,500 Drug courts functioning in all states. This drug courts are a reflection of the aspiration to change the stress from trying to battle drug crimes by lessen drugs supply to tackling the demand for drugs by treating drug craving. Drug courts employ the criminal justice system to tackle addiction by the use of an incorporated set of communal and legal services as an alternative to depending on sanctions through imprisonment or probation. In spite of broad signs of drug court efficiency, more than twenty years after the first Drug court a number of questions linger. Since drug courts are planned and ran a t the state level, there are deep-seated disparities that make cross-jurisdictional evaluation hard. While the underlying structure may be similar from one program to the next (a diversion program for picky types of low-level defendants who have shown a connection between their drug abuse or addiction and criminal acts), protocols for arbitration, detailed selection standards, ways of control and revocation measures do vary radically. The localism that is the system of drug court design makes efforts to make out best practices very hard. Nonetheless, we can make out unadorned elements from diverse drug courts that are significant elements for the success of the program.WORKING OF DRUG COURTS some(prenominal) elements determine the path of drug courts, albeit with disparity based on setting of the defendant population, legal questions etc. Below are a few elements universal to every drug court.Legal FrameworkThere are ordinarily two approaches for drug courts i.e. deferred/delay ed prosecution and post-adjudication programs. In a delayed prosecution, defendants who that tolerate some token eligibility prerequisites are sidetracked to the drug court system before pleading to a charge. Defendants are not dress to plead guilty, and those who successfully see through the drug court program are not only prosecuted. However, if one does not complete the program, he or she is prosecuted. On the other hand, in the post-adjudication approach, defendants are compel to plead guilty to their charges but the ruling of their cases is deferred or left pending as they take part in the drug court program. Successful conclusion of the program earns the former(prenominal) user or addict in a waived sentence and occasionally an obliteration of the crime and the charges. However, if one does not successfully meet the standards of the drug court, for example, a routine return of drug abuse or addiction, they will be interpreted back to the criminal court to face the ruling on the guilty plea.Eligibility CriteriaEligibility standards differ from court to court. However, commonly defendants have to be charged with being in possession of drugs or a nonviolent crime and must have positively tested for drugs or have proved drug abuse cark during arrest (Fluellen and Trone 5). For drug courts that get federal financial support, there is a prerequisite to rule out persons with a present or previous violent crime record. However, this barring, whether by the state or federal rules, has been questioned as to whether it truly serves the interest of public safety as it is claimed to serve. Particularly, the classification of a violent crime at times may refer to merely being in possession of a artillery when one was arrested, even if it was not held, wielded, or put into use. In addition, individuals who are at present face up charges for a drug crime may be disqualified from admission into the drug court program owing to a past crime that is completely unr elated.Programming and SanctionsPrograms characteristically run for a period between half and one year. However, some addicts stay longer in the program. Addicts and users must see through the whole program phase to graduate. Successful completion is dependent upon staying free of drugs and arrests for a specific period. Participants have to go to regular status hearings in front of a judge alongside judicial and checkup staff who screen the development of every person. Sanctions including more court proceedings, drug tests and short stints in jails are enforced for participants who do not comply at the courts discretion.ADVANTAGES OF DRUG COURTSAs noted earlier in this essay, the majority of adults and juveniles who are under arrest for criminal activities test positive for illicit drugs. As such, practically of crime is drug or alcohol linked. However, imprisoned drug offenders do not obtain the intervention they require, and will probably use drugs yet again and execute anothe r crime once they are out of prison. That is where drug courts need arise.Drug courts present a valuable option that blends justice and drug management. Drug addicts who are taking part in a drug court program support rigorous drug abuse management, individual case management, substance testing, administration, and supervision. The participants report to recurrently programmed status hearings in front of a judge who is skilled in the drug court programs. Drug courts offer psychological well being treatment, disturbance and family psychoanalysis, and work skills instruction, which assist in ensuring a long-lasting healing from drug and alcohol dependence.Drug courts programs surpass all other approaches that have been employed with drug-using offenders. Drug abuse and criminal activities are significantly diminished in cases where offenders are put through a drug court program. Since the drug court programs assess offenders for substance abuse frequently, data concerning substance a buse by offenders in a drug court program is accessible on a continual basis. The use of drugs by offenders is reduced considerably or eliminated altogether by drug programs nationally, and this in turns has lowered recidivism amongst graduates. Adult drug court programs considerably decrease crime rates by cutting down re-arrest and conviction rates amongst graduates of drug courts a long time after the programs conclusion. Individuals who have graduated from drug courts are, according to recent appraisals, less expected to be re-arrested than individuals routed through other prison mechanisms. Results from drug court assessments show that betrothal in drug courts upshots, in fewer re-arrests and re-convictions, or more extended periods between arrests or relapses. A breakdown of study findings from 76 drug courts established that there is a 10% set in re-arrest, with pre-adjudication courts occasioning a 13% drop in re-arrest (Aos, Miller and Drake 4)Drug courts are very cost e fficient. Several fresh studies have demonstrated that saved costs vary from $3,000 to $12,000 per offender (Belenko, 2005, 45). According to Fluellen and Trone (1), depending on the order of a drug court program, the cost saved in some states goes beyond $7 million annually.Many courts are using the drug court mould to repeal driving under the influence and driving while lift up cases. This is being done either by employing selected driving while intoxicated courts or by accommodating offenders into conventional grown-up drug courts. Driving under the influence courts are memory offenders responsible for their actions at the same time as treating the fundamental drug abuse issues and stimulating behavioural transformation. Drug courts have also been very useful to juvenile offenders.Lastly, the drugs courts, in addition to saving cost, frees up the justice system and enables their departments resourcefully apportion criminal justice funds. Personnel and services, hitherto used u p by the minor and less severe but prolonged drug cases which are now taken care by the drug court programs, are presently concentrated to other serious cases and to criminals who puzzle bigger threats to the society security and well being. The caseloads taken up by the drug court programs drop by the wayside more docket time for the justice systems judges and are therefore, on hand for other criminal and civil matters in various jurisdictions. Previously, these serious criminal and civil cases were relegated to inferior precedence owing to drug related caseload. The programs have also freed jail space, and it is now being used to accommo see serious and knockout criminals or to guarantee they serve their times.After more than two decades of drug courts operation, various studies show that numerous drug courts reduce recidivism and save the taxpayers funds. Figures from many studies carried out in more than ninety-five courts expose that former offenders who have graduated fro m drug courts program are re-arrested less than other prison program groups (Belenko, 44). The decline in re-arrest rates is the main contributor to cost-savings reported for most drug courts (Belenko, 44).CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONSStudies up to date have been consistently reporting that that drug courts are accomplishing significant benefits. However, there practices, though mostly unfamiliar, which cause accomplishment or breakdown of a drug court. Of huge interest is the argument that drug courts dexterity be escalating the quantity of individuals under arrest for drug crimes, rather than decrease, in the long term, the quantity of individuals who go through the criminal justice system. Studies have not yet zeroed in on the establishment of whether individuals who are taken through drug courts would have ended up in the criminal justice system and consequently into the conventional prison programs if not for the drug court. The use of drug courts should be used in a large scale to solve the twin problem of drugs and crime and that of overpopulation in our prison system.

Acoustics and Sound Insulation Methods

Acoustics and bottom Insulation MethodsAcoustics and penetrate InsulationABSTRACTAcoustics is the study of lead. The knowledge of this field is infallible as it helps in creating peaceful surroundings. The technical knowhow of good for you(p) disengagement has been helpful in constructing cash in ones chipsal theatres, hospitals, Auditoriums, fixture pads, and so forthtera Sound is created when a resurrect vibrates. When this quivering is periodic or rhythmic then the hygienic produced is amiable to the ears eg. Musical Notes. On the contrary when the vibration is non-periodic and irregular then it is termed as noise. eg. Infants crying.INTRODUCTIONSound travelings in the form of longitudinal waves. Each wave moves backward and forward passing on the vibration to the next. For us to be able to hear just clearly it is very important for the waves to travel uninterrupted. It is be that go away travels the fastest in solids, then in liquids and the least in line of bus iness. This is because in solid the molecules atomic number 18 so tightly packed that the transmission is the easiest. In liquids too the molecules are fairly close to individually other where as in air it hold ups a little tough for sound to travel. Sound cannot travel in vacuum as it needs a medium to travel. The speed of sound in air depends upon the moisture or dryness in air. The more the moisture the faster sound will travel.CHARACTERISTICS OF break downIntensity and Loudness of soundLoudness is the response of gentlemans gentlemans to the impact of sound. Whereas intensity is the amount of sound waves passing finished per unit area per unit time.Frequency and PitchSounds can be of several(predicate) types and wavelengths. Pitch isWhat helps us distinguish between sounds of same loudness but of different frequencies. This is thecharacteristic which helps us recognise a mans voice andwomens Voice.QualityThe quality of sound is what enables us to differentiate between tw o musical tones played on different instruments. A study has shown that the notes produced by instruments are at times pure notes. They have nigh fundamental tones of frequency fo and excess tones of frequency 2fo, 4fo, etc. called over tones. The fundamental is heard very clearly because it has greater impact human ear.TABLE 1.1, ACCEPTABLE NOISE LEVELTYPE OF BUILDINGNOISE LEVEL RANGE ( decibels, db)1. tuner and T.V. studio25-302. Music Room30-353. Hospitals and auditoriums35-404. Apartments, hotels and homes35-405. Conference populate and libraries35-406. Class rooms40-457. Banks and stores45-508. Restaurants50-552REFLECTION OF beneficialSound waves from a plain surface reflect in the same way as that of light. The saint of incidence is equal to the angel of reflection.Following are the characteristics of reflection of soundWhen sound waves reflect from a flat surface the wave fronts form a spherical shape and the centre of curvature is the quotation of soundWhen sound waves reflect from a convex surface they get magnified and therefore become trim downner and weaker. Convex surfaces can be employ in interior spaces to reduce the impact of sound.Sound waves that reflect from a concave surface are very dense and compressed therefore the sound is amplified. Concave surfaces should be avoided in interior spaces as the result is undesirable.Reflection on flat surface Reflection on convex surface Reflection on concave surface3 dousingWhen sound waves strike a surface some of the sound is catched by friction. The materials that run are known as absorbants. Absorption in auditoriums or theatre the takes place in three shipway In Air This absorption happens due to friction between two molecules though this is very fineBy Audience Cloth is an absorbant. So in theatres and auditoriums the sound is absorbed by the clothes o f the audience. Themore the audience the more the absorption takes place.By furniture and furnishing Materials such(prenominal) as cu rtains, carpets absorb sound.The following materials are commonly used for absorption of sound Acoustic Plaster This contains shredded insularity material with cementPerforated and Unperforated compressed cane or wood fibre mount up.Wood part boardCompressed wood sheepskinMineral/ glass wool matsMineral/ glass wool tilesComposite units of perforated hard board backed with perforated fibreboardRequirements of a good acoustical material-Should have high absorption powerIt should be able to absorb a wide look-alike of frequenciesShould be cheap and easily availableShould look attractive after fixing itIt should be farm resistantShould have adequate structural strengthShould be non- hygroscopic.It should be insects and termites free4 locomote detachmentSound insulation/sound proofing is a method used to subdue the level of sound passing through the insulating building component. People generally confuse sound absorption and sound insulation to be the same. The two are very dif ferent from each other. Sound absorbents which are nearly pours materials absorb thus reduce the sound which is reflected from surfaces. On the contrary sound insulating construction reduces sound passing through it. Sound absorbers, are poor sound insulators. While hard material used for sound insulation areinferior sound absorbers.TABLE 4.1. SOUND INSULATION BETWEEN ROOMS SITUATIONOVERALL INSULATION IN db1. Between living room in one house and the living room in another502. Elsewhere between houses or flat403. Between two rooms in the same house.304. Between two class rooms in a tame405. Between two rooms in an office306. Between two wards in a hospital45Impact Insulation- is a rating of how well a building report reduces the impact of sounds, such as footsteps.Sound Insulating Materials Non poriferous harsh partitions- The sound insulation of non- porous wet constructions such as plastered solid brick masonry argues varies. It depends upon the weight per unit area. There is a point when it requires major profit in thicksetness to provide small increase in sound insulation. porous Rigid Materials Porous cover masonry and cinder concrete are some examples of porous rigid materials. They provide 10 part higher insulation as compared to non-porous rigid partitions due to their sound absorptive quality. To enhance the results of insulation it is recommended that porous partitions should be plastered on at least one side and if possible then on both sides. pliant Porous Material These materials provide low insulation. Even lower than rigid materials. Flexible porous materials consists of mineral wool, quilt etc. To increase insulation rigid materials and porous absorbers can be unite together and then applied. This will produce better insulation per unit area.4.1WALL INSULATIONWalls are a vertical barrier of sound. Proper construction of walls can increase the level of sound insulation. Construction of walls for sound insulation can be of four types R igid Homogeneous Walls- Stone, brick or concrete masonry constructions come under this section. The sound insulation in these walls depends upon their weight per unit area. Sound insulation in these increases if the thickness of wall increases. Due to this these walls become uneconomical and bulky after a certain limit. divider Walls of porous materials- These can be rigid or non-rigid. Rigid porous materials such as porous concrete masonry, cinder concrete etc. increase insulation about 10.%. While partition walls of non rigid porous materials provide very low sound insulation. However they can be used if combined with rigid materials.Double wall partition A double wall partition comprises of Plaster boards Or fibre boards or plaster on laths on both sides. With sound absorbing cushion in between. Rough wooden blocks are provided to support the cushion. Double wall partition is a wall of rigid as well as nonrigid porous materials.Cavity Wall Construction- This is said to be the mo st adequate wall construction from the sound proofing point of view. In this two walls are made with a gap of minimum 5cm between them. This gab can be left air filled as we know sound travels the slowest in air or can be filled with some flexible material, like quilt etc. On the surface of the wall celotex or other insulating board may be fixed.4.2FLOOR AND CEILING INSULATIONLike walls are vertical sound barriers as well narrative and ceiling are horizontal sound barriers. The materials used for the construction of floors and ceiling i.e. R.C.C, stone etc. provide great insulation again air borne noise but do not function well for coordinate and impact borne noise. The target of sound proofed floors is to provide insulation against impact and structure borne noise.This can be achieved by the following ways-APPLING RESILIANT SURFACE MATERIALS ON FLOOR In this a thin concrete layer is provided as R.C.C floor slab. On top of this then a soft floor finish or covering is applied. Th is finish or covering can be of linoleum, insulation board, cork, carpet, etc. this helps in reducing impact noises.CONCRETE FLOOR floating CONSTRUCTION This is similar to Cavity wall construction as discussed earlier. In this method we construct an isolated floor from the existing concrete floor. consequently a resilient or porous material like glass wool is laid on the R.C.C flooring. On top of this a water proof sheet is put and then a 5cm thick layer of concrete is given. This kind of construction provides complete insulation against impact sounds.TIMBER FLOOR FLOATING CONSTRUCTION In case of wooden flooring the problem of sound insulation is even more. This action is similar to concrete floor floating construction. The only difference is that mineral or glass wool quilts are used for isolation purpose. At times sand or ashes are also used for isolation.CONCLUSIONSound is mechanical wave which travels through a medium. Sound can be pleasing as well as disturbing. Its necess ary to emit disturbing sounds to have the perfect involve atmosphere. To make an area sound proof its walls/partitions, floor and ceilings need to be treated and insulated. The methods of insulation as discussed above are some ways through which sound proofing can be done. Sound proofing or insulation is the method by which transmission of sound waves can be bard from passing from one area to another.ReferencesBuilding Constructions by B.C Punamia. Sound Insulationhttp//www.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/how-many-characteristics-a-sound-wave-have.www.scribd.com/doc/102689279/acoustics-ppt