Review Chapters V7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review Chapters V7 - Essay Example The geographical region in focus is the country of Thailand in South East Asia. A range of different types of SMEs will be included from various sectors so that the findings are representative of Thai SMEs in general. Thus, it includes the production, wholesale and retail sectors. We shall adopt the classification of SMEs as defined by the Thai Institute for Small and Medium Enterprises Development (ISMED, 2010) as follows: Similarly, the study will not be confined to SMEs in a particular area of Thailand because that would not necessarily be representative of Thai SMEs. It will be concerned with SMEs that are typically of Thai origin whether from the capital, other cities or the rural areas of Thailand. The problem to be studied is how Thai SMEs can overcome the myriad of problems they face in being successful. Despite the large number, significance and potential of SMEs, they are more likely than LEs to be faced with a number of problems and limitations. These are primarily related to the areas of administration, management, finance, technology, human resources, and marketing (Garengo, and Bernardi, 2007). For example, the problem of gaining access to sources of funding is very common. Often, SMEs are unaware of potential sources of finance, lack the management skills to satisfy lenders, and are unable to meet lenders’ rigorous assessment criteria and screening process (Atrill, 2006). Even then, SMEs are often not able to receive sufficient access to credit, as do LEs. The nature of this particular problem however is not unique to Thai SMEs as it is a similar situation with SMEs elsewhere, even in developed countries such as Europe (European Commission, 2006). Other problems include lack of employee-training (Thassanabanjong et al., 2009), especially in family-owned SMEs (De Lema and Durendez, 2007) an informal approach if not negligible regard to human resource management (HRM), and consequently

The Learning Sciences Design Committee Essay Example for Free

The Learning Sciences Design Committee Essay PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Learning Sciences Design Committee at a local college is researching different factors that affect the design of a new student study lounge. Before making recommendations, members will present brief reports. As a member of the committee, your research is about the role music can play in various campus environments. You fine-tune your report in Word. GETTING STARTED Download the following file from the SAM website: IL_Word2013_UD_P1a_FirstLastName_1.docx Open the file you just downloaded and save it with the name: IL_Word2013_UD_P1a_FirstLastName_2. docx Hint: If you do not see the .docx file extension in the Save file dialog box, do not type it. Word will add the file extension for you automatically. With the file IL_Word2013_UD_P1a_FirstLastName_2.docx still open, ensure that your first and last name is displayed in the footer. If the footer does not display your name, delete the file and download a new copy from the SAM website. PROJECT STEPS 1. Change the document margins to Moderate. 2. Change the Citation Bibliography Style to MLA Seventh Edition. 3. Add a header to the document using the Blank format. Insert the text Music Behavior, insert a space, then insert a page number using the Plain Number format (1st option in the Current Position gallery). 4. Move the insertion point before the word â€Å"Retailers† in the paragraph that begins â€Å"Retailers, health care professionals, and educational institutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , then insert a continuous section break. 5. Format the section below the heading â€Å"How music affects behavior† into two columns. (Hint: The section containing the columns should end before the â€Å"Perception of Time Spent Shopping† heading at the top of the second page.) 6. At the top of the second column of text, move the insertion point after  the period in the sentence It is worth emphasizing that†¦could prove problematic., then insert the citation shown in Figure 1 below. Figure 1: Web Citation 7. Edit the citation to add the page number 2. 8. Move the insertion point after the period in the sentence â€Å"As the following table demonstratesin a variety of settings.†, then insert a footnote with the following text: 500 students surveyed. 9. Format the table beginning with â€Å"While cooking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  using the Grid Table 6 Colorful – Accent 6 table style. 10. Select the first column in the table and center-align the text. 11. Select the table and resize it using the AutoFit Window option. 12. On page two, move the insertion point to the blank line below the heading â€Å"Perception of Time Spent Shopping†. Insert a table with 3 columns and 5 rows. 13. Type the data from Table 1 below into the table you just created. Table 1: Perception of Time Spent Shopping 14. Format the table using the Grid Table 4 – Accent 6 table style. 15. Move the insertion point to the blank line below the table on page two and insert a page break to create a new page three. 16. Move the insertion point to the top of the new page three and insert a Bibliography using the built-in Works Cited style from the Bibliography gallery. 17. Check the Spelling Grammar in the document to identify and correct any spelling errors. (Hint: You should find and correct at least 1 spelling error.) Your document should look like the Final Figure on the following pages. Save your changes, close the document, and exit Word. Follow the directions on the SAM website to submit your completed project.

The Masque Of Red Death :: essays research papers

The Masque Of Red Death. A virus had come. It killed all that it touched. No one could survive, the red death. Nothing had ever been like it. Sharp pain dizziness and bleeding at the pores where its signs. When prince Prospero's town was half dead he called on 'a thousand hale and light hearted friends among the knights and dames of his court." He called them into a castle. Guarded with a metal gate. They stayed there for 6 months, Eluding the 'red death." They had every thing they need there. Entertainment, food and all other things needed to survive. It was at the end of the 5th or 6th month that he called for a masked ball or 'of the most unusual magnificence." Abstract art filled the room with beauty. The masque was held in a suite with 7 rooms. The rooms were most curios with turns at every corner and gothic windows. The colors of each room varied. The 7th chamber was all black. The only thing different about this room was that the windows did not match with every thing else. The pains where blood red, there was no light of any kind. In there stood giant ebony clock 'whose pendulum swung with a dull heavy activities clang." All activities ceased with the sound of each hour. Everything stooped as if dead. ' But when the echoes had full ceased, a light laughter at once pervaded the assembly…..'; The first 6 rooms crowed unlike the 7th, until the clock struck midnight. Everything ceased like before until the last echo of the clock sounded. Many people became aware of the masked figure. 'There arose a length from the whole company." First surprise then horror to this figure. When the eyes of Prince Prospero saw him he did not know what to do.

Pupils at Elementary School and Their Behavior Essay

Elementary school was formerly the name given to publicly funded schools in Great Britain[citation needed] which provided a basic standard of education for working class children aged from five to 14, the school leaving age at the time. They were also known as industrial schools. Elementary schools were set up to enable working class children to receive manual training and elementary instruction. They provided a restricted curriculum with the emphasis on reading, writingand arithmetic (the three Rs). The schools operated on a ‘monitorial’ system, whereby one teacher supervised a large class with the assistance of a team of monitors, who were quite often older pupils. Elementary school teachers were paid by results. Their pupils were expected to achieve precise standards in reading, writing and arithmetic such as reading a short paragraph in a newspaper, writing from dictation, and working out sums and fractions. [2] Before 1944 around 80 percent of the school population attended elementary schools through to the age of 14. The remainder transferred either to secondary school or junior technical school at age 11. The school system was changed with the introduction of the Education Act 1944. Education was restructured into three progressive stages which were known as primary education,secondary education and further education. [3] In the UK, schools providing primary education are now known as primary schools. They generally cater for children aged from four to eleven (Reception to Year Six or in Northern Ireland and Scotland P1 to P7). Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools for children from four to seven and junior schools for ages seven to 11. In the (diminishing) minority of areas where there is a â€Å"three-tier† system, children go to lower school or â€Å"first school† until about 9, then middle school until about 13, then upper school; in these places, the term â€Å"primary school† is not usually used. ————————————————- [edit]United States Main article: Education in the United States. Elementary school in Kentucky, 1946 In the United States, authority to regulate education resides constitutionally with the individual states. The direct authority of the U. S. Congress and the federal U. S. Department of Education is essentially limited to regulation and enforcement of federal constitutional rights. Great indirect authority is exercised through federal funding of national programs and block grants; but there is no obligation upon any state to accept these funds, and the U. S. government otherwise may propose but not enforce national goals, objectives and standards, which generally lie beyond its jurisdiction. Nevertheless, education has had a relatively consistent evolution throughout the United States. All states have historically made a distinction between two genres of K-12 education and three genres of K-12 school. The genres of education are primary and secondary; and the genres of school are elementary school, middle or junior high school, and high school (historically, â€Å"senior† high school to distinguish it from the junior school). Primary education (or â€Å"primary school† meaning â€Å"primary education†) still tends to focus on basic academic learning and socialization skills, introducing children to the broad range of knowledge, skill and behavioral adjustment they need to succeed in life – and, particularly, in secondary school. Secondary education or secondary school has always focused on preparing adolescents for higher education or/and for careers in industries, trades or professions that do not require an academic degree. The elementary school has always been the main point of delivery for primary education; and the (senior) high school has always been the focal point ofsecondary education. Originally, elementary school was synonymous with primary education, taking children from kindergarten through grade 8; and secondary school was entirely coextensive with the high school grades 9 – 12. This system was the norm in America until the years following World War I, because most children in most parts of what was then the mostly rural United States could go no further than Grade 8. Even when the high schools were available, they were often not accessible. As the population grew and became increasingly urban and suburban instead of rural, the one-room schoolhouse gave way to the multi-room schoolhouse, which became multiple schools. This produced the third genre of school – the junior high school – which was designed to provide transitional preparation from primary school to secondary school, thus serving as a bridge between the elementary school and the high school. Elementary schools typically operated grades Kindergarten through 6; the junior high school, often housed in the same building as the senior high school, then covered grades 7 through 9; and the senior high school operated grades 10 through 12. At the same time, grade 9 marked the beginning of high school for the purpose of GPA calculation. It was typical during this period for state departments of education to certify (in California, â€Å"credential†) teachers to work in either primary or secondary education. A Primary School Certificate qualified the holder to teach any subject in grades K through 8, and his/her major and minor subjects in grade 9. A Secondary School Certificate qualified the holder to teach any subject in grades 7 and 8, and his/her major and minor subjects in grades 9 through 12. Certain subjects, such as music, art, physical, and special education were or could be conferred as K through 12 Teaching Certificates. By the late 1960s, the lines of transition between primary and secondary education began to blur, and the junior high school started to get replaced by the middle school. This change typically saw reassignment of grade 9 to the (senior) high school, with grade 6 reassigned to the middle school with grades 7 and 8. Subsequent decades in many states have also seen the realignment of teacher certification, with grade 6 frequently now included on the secondary teaching certificate. Thus, whereas 20th-century American education began with the elementary school finishing at grade 8, the 21st century begins with the American elementary school finishing at grade 5 in many jurisdictions. Nevertheless, the older systems do persist in many jurisdictions. While they are in the minority today, there are still school districts which, instead of adopting the â€Å"middle school†, still distinguish between junior and senior high schools. Thus, high schools can be either 9-12, which is most common, or 10-12. ————————————————- [edit]Saudi Arabia Main article: Education in Saudi Arabia The Saudi Arabian term for elementary school is , consisting of students from ages 6 to 12.

What types of problems and effects are been forced upon the planet?

What types of problems and effects are been forced upon the planet with modern technology and the increasing population and what can be done to make the planet healthier? The growing population, deforestation and use of fossil fuels are causing the biggest environmental problem that has been discovered over the past 50 years, Global Warming. In the past 10 years dramatic actions have been taken to curb the dangerous affects that could lead to drought, floods, sweltering heat and rising seas. I believe that to curb the effects more people should be aware of what the future would be like for future generations. How their lives would be affected by global warming. Simple things like walking to work and school or using a bike to commute would make a huge difference, if more people knew that bicycling is 117% more efficient than walking, and then I believe more people would do it. However the majority will have to take this into account if they want to make a difference. By simply wearing an extra shirt around the house and not turning on the heating will contribute to saving the environment. Paper which is made from trees should not be wasted and recycled when finished with. In order to prevent unnecessary usage of the planets resources' recycling helps to curb the effects of deforestation. Whenever a person uses a car or forgets to switch their television off at the mains, leaving the little red light to waste energy, a thought should be spared for the millions of men women and children that survive every day in third world countries who have quite possibly never seen a television. If every commuter car in the U.S. transported an extra person, it would save eight billion gallons of fuel a year. Facts like these assist in convincing people that small gestures matter. However many people do not think that just one person can make the difference. Scientists have discovered the main causes of global warming and because of this curbing the effects causing global warming is a great deal easier. Emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from human activities including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, such as deforestation all contribute to the increasing temperature of the planet. Heat from the sun passes through the atmosphere of the earth and heats up the earth's surface. The heat is reflected back out to space by the earth's surface but certain gases in the atmosphere trap some of the deflected heat. These gases then act as a blanket, keeping heat locked in the atmosphere warming the planet. This process is similar to that which takes place in a greenhouse environment hence the name â€Å"greenhouse effect† and â€Å"greenhouse gases†. Greenhouse gas (es) is the name given to the gases which trap the heat in the earth's atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide is the greatest contributor to the build up of gases in the atmosphere. Cars, Factories, even using paper all contribute to the hostile planet we are all creating for future generations. Fossil fuels release the majority of harmful gases into the atmosphere, so in order to reduce the amount of dangerous gas entering the atmosphere; other sources of energy are being used. Renewable energy sources such as Solar Power, Wind turbines/farms, Tidal, Hydro-electric, Geothermal and using Biomass and alternative power sources such as nuclear power all contribute to the decrease in use of fossil fuels. Trees provide oxygen for the planet by removing the carbon from carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen back in to the atmosphere. This done by a process called photosynthesis. Transpiration is a process whereby the plants carry water up the stems of the plants into the leaves and it evaporates through the leaves. These processes determine the weather and cause clouds, which block the suns heat from passing through the ozone layer. Deforestation regularly occurs because of farmers attempting to settle farmland; the poor become ‘shifted cultivators' and resort to using ‘Slash and Burn' methods to make an open space. The name implies exactly what happens; trees are cut down and the remains are burned. The ash is used as a fertilizer and the land is used for vegetation farming or a cattle farming, however, the soil that is cleared in slash and burn is left infertile; the nutrients in the soil are quickly absorbed by surrounding organisms. The trees can no longer be replanted in the same area once a shifted cultivator is finished in that area. Another reason for major deforestation is because of many labourers resorting to illegally cutting down trees to survive. The UN has however developed a plan to provide the poorer countries with enough money to stop the deforestation. Acts like these will all help to minimise the dangerous effects inflicted on the planet. Tidal barriers attract a lot of controversy. The proposal to build the Severn Barrier has been severely opposed by many environmentalists, because of impacts upon wildlife and the marine environment. The construction of tidal lagoons has been proposed as a more ecologically sound method of generating electricity from tides. However due to global warming, it is inevitable that the sea levels will rise. Coastal cities must be protected against sea level rise, so tidal barriers must be constructed for this purpose. If CO2 emissions are not dramatically reduced within twenty years we will face much greater sea level rise, and we will then have to look at tidal barriers to protect other UK cities, on the River Severn. Although Biomass is a renewable energy source it does release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere reducing the use of fossil fuels but not necessarily reducing the emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Nuclear power is not renewable but it does not emit any harmful greenhouse gases and therefore it does not contributing to the greenhouse effect. At present, there are 442 nuclear power stations in operation in the world, with a generation capacity of 368 million kilowatts, which accounts for 16% of world's total power generation for 18 consecutive years. Nuclear power has many advantages; it is cheap and produces large amounts of energy from small amount of fuel, it is also very reliable and produces very little waste. Although there is little waste produced, it is dangerous and has to be buried underground to contain the radioactivity; it takes hundreds of years before the radioactivity is gone. On April 25th -26th, 1986 the planet suffered worst nuclear power accident occurred at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union (now Ukraine). The Chernobyl nuclear power plant had 4 reactors and whilst testing reactor number 4 numerous safety procedures were disregarded. A chain reaction in the reactor became out of control creating explosions and a fireball which blew off the reactor's heavy steel and concrete lid. The Chernobyl accident killed more than 30 people immediately, and as a result of the high radiation levels in the surrounding 20-mile radius, 135,000 people had to be evacuated. It will take four hundred years before the affected area will become liveable again. In conclusion, I have discussed the effects of pollution and the controversy caused, I have also discussed what can be done to curb the effects. The use of renewable energy can assist in the prevention of further damage, and that walking or bicycling instead of driving can also reduce the damaging effects facing the environment. I have discussed the disaster and consequences of nuclear power and its advantages to the environment. I would like to conclude by saying that unless drastic measures are taken to ensure the safety and wellbeing of future generations, the planet will die and we, as a species, will too.

Diversity And The Human Services Worker Social Work Essay Essays

Diversity And The Human Services Worker Social Work Essay Essays Diversity And The Human Services Worker Social Work Essay Essay Diversity And The Human Services Worker Social Work Essay Essay Peoples are both similar and different ; diverseness is the recognising and valuing difference. Diversity relates to distinction such as gender, age, faith, race, civilization, instruction, business, linguistic communication, attractiveness, wellness, physical visual aspect. Cultural diverseness is one facet of diverseness with a battalion of differences which come from our cultural heritage. Every facet of life is touched by civilization, civilization affects how people perceive things, and it influences how people attribute intending to communicating. When cultural communicating systems are unknown or ignored, messages are likely to be misinterpreted ensuing in barriers to communicating. To guarantee effectual communicating Human Services workers require consciousness of and sensitiveness to cultural differences to enable them to successfully function a diverse scope of people. This essay examines effectual transverse cultural communicating for the Human Services worker, as civiliz ation refers to the linguistic communication, cognition, rites, values that connect any group of people, in the range of this essay the context of civilizations is that from different states. First, it looks at some of the differences and jobs when pass oning cross culturally. Then the essay proposes solutions to cut down communicating barriers and, eventually suggesting rules human service bureaus should follow to heighten communicating. Working cross culturally the human service worker faces many challenges to effectual communicating because of the complex nature of civilization, intercultural behaviors, nucleus values and look provide much possibility for misconstruing. Harmonizing to Fouad Arredondo communicating forms, manners, symbols and gestures are extremely civilization edge and unconsciously scripted. ( Fouad Arredondo 2007 p42 ) . Several variables can be considered to help in the apprehension of cultural differences to place why jobs arise, individuality versus Bolshevism is one variable. Individualist civilizations are where accent is on single accomplishment as contrasted to collective civilizations where importance is on what is best for the group. Reding itself is a culturally specific activity holding evolved from a Western doctrine of individuality, inquiring a client from a corporate civilization to concentrate on hyperintrospection and hyperindividualism will non vibrate consequence in a lost ch ance. Whilst non talking the same linguistic communication is a more obvious barrier to communicating, see the communicating barrier created when a client for whom English is a 2nd linguistic communication is expected to verbalize extremely complex emotions. ( Wheeler 2006 p150 ) Cultures can besides be distinguished as holding low context or high context communicating, in low context civilizations such Australia or America communicating is direct, the significance is in the message. Asiatic, Mediterranean and Arab civilizations are high context where communicating is indirect and it is every bit of import to look at the inexplicit significances and organic structure linguistic communication. Misinterpretations arise when there is a deficiency of consciousness in the different manner of pass oning. For illustration, Autochthonal Australians would see it rude to straight inquire a inquiry and alternatively intimation ( Mundine 1999, p. 1 ) . This is similar to Asiatic construct of salvaging face indirect communicating is used to forestall uncomfortableness for either party. In some Asiatic civilizations this is extended to some non unwraping physical maltreatment for fright of losing face or abashing the household ( Devito 2009, p. 281 ) , nevertheless keep backing such information creates a barrier to communicating for the human services worker. Non verbal communicating is another factor which in which intending differs between civilizations, and if these differences are non understood leads to communication dislocation. In some civilizations nodding the caput means no, or the nod of a caput from a Chinese individual does non implicitly mean that they agree. In Western civilization direct oculus regard is considered a mark of honestness, in civilizations such as Japan nevertheless, direct oculus regard is a mark of discourtesy. De Vito ( 2009, p. 133 ) concludes seek visualizing the potency for misinterpretations that oculus communicating entirely could make. A Human Services worker missing consciousness of cultural-based norms, such as household construction and gender regulations, hazards go againsting these regulations, their behavior impeding trust and assurance. For illustration, married Muslim adult females can non touch a adult male other than their hubby. Lack of consciousness or sensitiveness to these norms creates struggle and a lost chance for battle. Another barrier to communicating consequences where the Human Service worker see their ain civilization to be superior to others civilizations. Gamble and Gamble conclude that ethnocentrism is cardinal to neglect intercultural communicating attempts. ( Gamble Gamble 2009, p.27 ) . Finally, cultural stereotyping is a barrier to effectual transverse cultural communicating, whilst it is necessary to group people to simplify understanding differences, it is debatable perceive that all are the same . For illustration, to believe that all immigrants from the Middle East are unable to absorb into Australian society is cultural pigeonholing. Pigeonholing demonstrates a cardinal deficiency of apprehension of diverseness taking to a dislocation in communicating. This paper has looked at some transverse cultural communicating differences and jobs that arise that can be covered in the range of this essay, the paper now proposes solutions to heighten communicating and cut down communicating barriers. To heighten communicating and cut down barriers in transverse cultural communicating the Human Services worker develops cognition and accomplishments. Built-in to this is self consciousness, being cognizant of and dispute one s perceptual experiences and prejudice. Workers must to increase intercultural communicating competency by developing cognition of different cultural differences, Gamble Gamble confirm it is critical to do the unknown known we need to carry on ourselves in a mode designed to cut down the unfamiliarity of aliens ; that is, we need to open ourselves to differences by adding to our depot of cognition, by larning to get by with uncertainness and by developing an grasp of how increasing our cultural sensitiveness positively affects our communicating competency ( Gamble Gamble 2009, p. 30 ) . It would nevertheless be uninformed to believe that a individual can of all time wholly understand another civilization doing it necessary for Human services workers to be comf y covering with ambiguity. Equally of import as it is to be familiar the difference in civilization conversely it is of import non to let cultural traits to impede understanding nor to concentrate overly on differences. Clients are persons ; human services workers serve a individual, non a civilization ( Egan 2006 ) . Empathy hearing accomplishments are built-in to effectual communicating and every bit so when pass oning interculturally. The Human services worker should set themselves in their client s places to conceive of what is like from his or her universe position point. Listening accomplishments and careful observation of cues such as non verbal signals should be taken into history interpret full significance, peculiarly when pass oning with a individual from a high context civilization. To heighten communicating the human services worker should besides regularly seek verification of understanding. A deeper degree of trust and assurance may necessitate to be built with people from some civilizations before they unwrap emotional or what they consider to be black. To heighten communicating with these people it may take forbearance, clip and besides an appropriate degree of self revelation on the workers portion. To cut down communicating barriers the worker may inquire permission before inqui ring sensitive a sensitive inquiry. Workers should besides be cognizant and sensitive to taboo topics, in some Autochthonal Aboriginal communities it is black to speak about mental unwellness, to cut down communicating barriers workers would avoid utilizing certain words or lables ( XXXXX ) . Working with people who speak English as a 2nd linguistic communication poses another set of challenges in communicating, to cut down barriers workers should talk easy, be patient and allow intermissions, instead an translator could be offered. ( Kenny 2009 ) . To cut down communicating barriers for their diverse scope of stakeholders it is critical for Human services bureaus should further their ain civilization where diverseness is embraced and celebrated. A doctrine of regard of individualism and singularity which committedness to self development and ongoing acquisition is promoted. This doctrine should be brought to life by promote a diverse scope of workers with difference backgrounds and experience. A culturally specific attack to developing programmes, developing intercultural communicating competences when working and human services workers be on a regular basis reviewed against competences placing countries for development. Culture influences everything about people, including the significance attributed to communicating, this poses challenges for the human services worker when working cross culturally. This essay has considered some of the communicating differences and issues that Human Services workers face working interculturally, it has besides looked at ways to heighten communicating and besides rules bureaus should follow to cut down communicating barriers. The kernel nevertheless is that finally no two people even those from the same civilization are the same, countless differences makes each individual alone. Human Services workers require transverse cultural competence to efficaciously pass on with the diverse scope of people that they meet the most cardinal of these abilities being willingness to larn and esteem of all persons. Biblography DeVito, J 2009, The interpersonal communicating book, 12th edn, Pearson Education, Boston, USA. Egan, G 2006, Skilled assisting around the universe: addressing diverseness and multiculturalism, Thomson Higher Education, Belmont. Fouad, NA Arrendondo, P 2007, Becoming culturally oriented: practical advice for psychologists pedagogues, American Psychological Association, Washington. Gamble, TK Gamble, M 2009, Communication works, 10th edn, McGraw Hill, New York. Kenny, S 2006. Developing communities for the hereafter, 3rd edn, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne. Mundine, J 1999 Face to face: communicating protocols , viewed 12 August 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nipaac.edu.au/Face2Face_CommnProtocols.pdf. Wheeler, S ( erectile dysfunction ) 2006. Difference diverseness in guidance: modern-day psychodynamic positions, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Aboriginal Mental Health First Aid Training and research plan. Cultural considerations communicating techniques: Guidelines for supplying mental wellness foremost Aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander individual. Melbourne: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne and beyondblue, the national depression enterprise 2008 Viewed 20 August 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mhfa.com.au/documents/guidelines/8307_AMHFA_Cultural_guidelinesemail.pdf ;

The eNotes Blog Top 10 True Confessions of Professors and Other LiteraryTypes

Top 10 True Confessions of Professors and Other LiteraryTypes If you have ever felt badly for not having read one classic work of literature or another, heres a dirty little secret that we professorial types are generally loathe to confess: no matter how well-read one is, there are always gaps in our reading. It simply isnt possible to have read everything ever printed, even if you just limit your wish list to the classics. So, if anyone ever gives you the stink eye at a cocktail party because you confess to not having read, say, James Joyces Ulysses, know that you are in good company. In a recent highly unscientific query of my friends and colleagues who are either literature professors, literary editors, or voracious readers, every single one of them copped to not having read a work that is generally considered required reading for our ilk. Here are the tearful (okay, literary license) confessions of the most widely unread classics that they promise (promise I tell you!) are definitely on the list: 1. Ulysses by James Joyce Here is Marilyn Monroe pretending to read Ulysses, just like 9 out of 10 people who claim to have read it. One person we know actually swears he has read it, but we do not like him very much. 2. Being and Nothingness by Jean-Paul Sartre. Perhaps, like us,   you always find some reason to avoid contemplating the futility of life and your own meaningless existence in the universe. Understandable. After all, you need to catch up on all the episodes of Mad Men you missed last season. So do we. 3.   Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller If your only knowledge of this novel comes from The Librarian episode of Seinfeld, then you probably know it was a naughty book that Jerry checked out as a teenager, lent to George, who never returned it. Most of us havent read it either. We have been too busy arranging our other books into proper Dewey Decimal system order. Just thinking about it makes usdewey. 4. Hard Times by Charles Dickens Hard times? Slogging through this bleak, slow moving book is hard indeed for many confessors. For as many people who adore Dickens, just as many think hes a snore. If you fall into the latter camp, know that many professors anonymously agree with you. 5. Middlemarch by George Eliot If you ask a professor what he or she thinks of Middlemarch, prepare for a lot of hemming and hawing and words about its grand achievement and other vague niceties. If you are at the home of the professor, excuse yourself to the restroom. Wander about until you find which door it is propping open. At 1,751 pages, it does a fine job. 6. Gravitys Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon How do you suck the joy and light out of something as beautiful and ephemeral as a rainbow? Stick it in the hands of Thomas Pynchon. Like with Joyces Ulysses, few who claim to have read and understood Pynchon have read it, much less understood it. And if they have, we resolve to not like them very much either. 7.   Moby Dick by Herman Melville Ask professors to quote the first line of   Moby Dick and they will immediately respond, Call me Ishmael, even if they are in a coma. However, youd get the same results by asking them to identify which movie the line, Were gonna need a bigger boat, comes from. If pressed, youd probably get the whole plot and character sketches from Jaws, but precious little else about the intricacies of Moby Dick. 8. The Brothers Karamavoz by Fyodor Dostoevsky Most American academics will reluctantly admit that their knowledge of literature other than British or American is woefully inadequate. Most of us intend to rectify that situation, but, we are, after all, Americans, and our favorite subject is ourselves. (Is it telling that the spell-checker here does not recognize either Karamavoz or Fyodor) Anyway, for good party fun, ask a professor or other literary type to pronounce Dostoevsky after a couple of glasses of Pinot. 9. Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes Ask your favorite book snob to really detail the plot and themes of Cervantes masterpiece and you are likely to get a quixotic look. If youre lucky, though, he or she might show you the ticket stubs to the Broadway production of Man of LaMancha, you lucky devil! 10. War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy I dont know about you, but as a child I was under the impression that War and Peace was the longest novel ever written, and to get through it was a feat not to even be attempted, like trying to eat one of those five pound burritos in order to get your meal for free. Whatever the reason, most of us havent read it, but it is on our shelf of good intentions.

Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy Review

Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy Review This cell anatomy review is designed to test your knowledge of eukaryotic cell anatomy. Cells are the basic unit of life. There are two primary types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that is enclosed within a membrane. Bacteria and  archaeans are examples of prokaryotic cells. Plant cells and animal cells are eukaryotic cells. Organelles There are some differences in the kinds of cell organelles that can be found within plant and animal cells. For example, plant cells contain cell walls and plastids, while animal cells do not. Cell Shapes All cells do not look the same. They come in varying shapes and sizes and are well suited for the roles they fill in the proper functioning of an organism. For example, nerve cells are elongated and thin, with projections that extend out from the cell body. Their unique shape helps neurons communicate with one another. Other body cells, such as red blood cells, have a disc shape. This helps them to fit into tiny blood vessels in order to transport oxygen to cells. Fat cells are round in shape and become enlarged when storing fat. They shrink as the stored fat is used for energy.

Current U.S Policy towards Libya Research Paper

Current U.S Policy towards Libya - Research Paper Example I am prompted to write your good office to recommend that our government should take a direct participation in Libya because I am concerned with the recent political development in Libya particularly the unclear circumstances that led to the death of the dictator Muammar Ghaddafi and NTC’s handling of its political prisoners that has been reported as being abused (CBS News, November 29, 2011). I believe that if the US government will take a proactive role in Libya, it will prevent the dissolution of its political gains that was earned by the revolution against the tyranny of Muammar’s government. I believe that it is only with US government direct participation that will ensure that Libya will follow the democratic process of justice and ensure its smooth transition into a real democracy. III. Argument why the official should act as you suggest. This should also have several parts:Â   - a) sketch the public problem, as you see it;Â   The newly founded government of Li bya is still very young and still carries the vestiges of the old regime. Being such, it is prone to excess with a predilection towards summary execution as a way of meting justice. This was clearly demonstrated with the unclear circumstances of Muammar Ghaddafi’s death where he was captured alive and was later reported dead alleging that he was caught in the cross fire (El Gamal). Many of us are not convinced. Given the political culture of Libya, we both know that there was a big probability that he was executed. Such, the US government must act so that similar acts or incidents would not happen again. As what we have seen, Libya’s newly installed government is lukewarm in investigating the circumstances of his death if indeed he was caught in the cross fire or summarily executed. It would be better to take a preventive step than to react to an incident that has already happened. The recent development of prisoner abuse is already beginning to surface. With the less open political environment of Libya, I suspect that there are more abuses than what is actually reported. Already, UN had reported that Libya’s new leaders acknowledged that prisoners are being abused (Associated Press November 29, 2011). If these abuses will continue, I am anxious that Libya will lose its political gains if it will degenerate and slide back to its former dictatorial nature of carrying out justice. In effect, nothing changed but only those who are in power. To keep Libya’s political gains, it has to maintain a steady course towards democracy and proper implementation of justice. For Libya to achieve this, it is imperative that the United States government should be directly involved in setting up the justice system of Libya and its government. b) describe the inadequacy of the actions taken on it to date The United States government must learn from history, particularly the lessons taught by the experience of Iraq when the US government left after it l iberated the country from Saddam Hussein. Iraq disintegrated and fell into chaos without a clear government (Rashidian). We should not let this happen to Libya. Libya have started a revolution and able to win it under the slogan of freedom and democracy. But we have to understand that this was a close country that only had a bare idea of what democratic process and justice

Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Essay - 2

Relationship between Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Development - Essay Example Such an analytical approach has furnished ample insight into the interrelationship existing between knowledge, innovation and entrepreneurship. However, it goes without saying that there is a lacuna as to the understanding of the comprehensive relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth. The understanding of the relationships between micro economic sources of growth and the consequent macroeconomic outcomes is still too nascent as to the establishment of the relationships between varied interacting forces impacting the economic growth. Hence, in an academic perspective it will be really enlightening to analyze the recent advancements into the understanding of the varied forces influencing the creation of knowledge, the promulgation and diffusion of this knowledge aided by apt innovation and the role played by entrepreneurship in the overall growth process. For its goes without saying that the primary process of knowledge creation has to be continually and co mmensurately supported by forces originating from innovation and entrepreneurship, which give way to mechanisms that help in the conversion of this knowledge to societal and commercial needs. It is amply relevant as the developing countries of today could learn a lot from the course followed by the developed countries in their quest for economic growth. It will also immensely help the developed countries in the sense that they are faced with the challenging responsibility of devising growth policies in a futuristic context. Thus, it is emphatically valid to attempt an understanding into the relationship existing between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development The very fact that entrepreneurship is closely tied to economic growth is amply corroborated by the commonsensical observation and economic acumen in the sense that the crux of any innovative entrepreneurial endeavour is to convert ideas and knowledge into commercially valid e conomic opportunities. Entrepreneurship is the bedrock on which rest the possibilities for innovation, change and growth. In a world economy that is getting globalized at a fast pace, entrepreneurship is a sources of competitiveness in the sense that it gives way to knowledge and flexibility. With the ensuing shift in the industrial frameworks and structures vying for an augmented decentralization and minimal concentration, the entrepreneurial vigour operating at all the levels in an economy is indeed a source of viable competitiveness. In that context if one takes into consideration the accompanying technological developments and changes and a resultant augmenting global competition and economic liberalization, the very assumption that promoting entrepreneurship in a way leads to the promotion of the economic growth appears more valid today than it did in the past. The available economic, social and psychological knowledge do points towards the fact that entrepreneurship is a proce ss that tends to be dynamic in its scope and ramifications. Though some experts may tend to think of entrepreneurship as a mechanical economic factor, yet, in reality it is far from being so (Pirich 2001, p. 14). Entrepreneurship has as much to do with change as with the choices related to a change era or process. In that context, the existing definitions of entrepreneurship delve on the functional aspects of entrepreneurship that may be allocation of the scarce resources, coordination, making decisions, innovation, capital augmentation and uncertainty management. Entrepreneurship unleashes the dormant growth

Application of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Application of leadership - Essay Example This depends on various factors and also influences his level of success. There are many theories of leadership described in management studies. These theories help in differentiating a leader from a non-leader. Some of those theories are behavioral theory, trait and many other contemporary theories. The objective of this assignment is to help in understanding various leadership theories and use the same to analyze the leaders. A leader would be chosen and analyzed using the leadership theories, which would be in both follower and leader perspectives. The followers’ perspectives will include transformational, transactional and situational theories whereas for leaders, the chosen perspectives will be skills, style, personality and physical characteristics. Additionally, discussion will also be done on what effort the leader needs to make in order to improve his leadership skills or style, also effective leadership’s positive impact on organization and

How and which beliefs can we justified in Descartes who argues for Essay

How and which beliefs can we justified in Descartes who argues for skepticism - Essay Example He believes that images from dreamland are drawn from real experiences. For instance, if an artist draws an imaginary picture of a mermaid, he thinks of images of women and fish. The philosopher thinks that it is very easy to doubt the simplest things in life such as the existence of God. However, he tries pushing these thoughts from his mind by arguing that if he believes that there is no God, then he will be deceived. From the clip in "The Matrix", Neyo is put in a computer program by a hacker who tries to convince him to change his mind about what he believes in. The hacker shows him of his dream world and the real world to manipulate his mind into making Neyo believe in his world of fantasy (Andy and Lana, 1999). In the same way, Descartes sought to overturn people beliefs thoughts into his imaginary world. From the philosopher story, it is crucial to note that no individual can live in skepticism as no one doubts if other people in the surrounding exist. It is believed that Descartes was motivated into doubtful behavior as he was trying to overcome a certain problem, but his believes were always accompanied by arguments to inspire his

Ethnic Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethnic Study - Assignment Example Commonality that can unite women is therefore and focusing on context-specific positioning of women are the only tools that women can use to address the complexity of the multitude of oppressions confronting women. Heteropatriarchy and the Three Pillars of White Supremacy: Rethinking Women of Color Organizing by Andrea Smith is among the articles that are geared towards women of color where she describes three pillars of white supremacy as slavery/capitalism, genocide/colonialism and orientalism/ war. The author highlights common problematic trends in women of color that include the organizing principle of shared oppression against white supremacy faulty and assuming experiences with white supremacy and solutions for social change as universal. Smith seems to incite people in terms of racism and the notion that capitalist system ultimately makes all workers become commodities and racism is the hierarchy of commodification. Blacks are depicted to be at the top of the hierarchy while whites enjoy the top of it believing that they are not as much of a commodity as the blacks. The notion that whites are superior to blacks still hurts the current society amid voices calling for equality measures. This article offers some insight for homophobia and too many writers engaging in celebration of diversity and multiculturalism that he believes as people with good intentions. The truth of the matter is that books written by insiders tend to benefit the natives more than outsiders’ ideas. America, just like any other country are terribly racist full of self-righteous and bitter discourses. Rational use of various kinds of diversity is marred with nasty fights and protective behaviors because bitterness drives all thought out of expression making most people understand that learning institutions do not teach truth. It is worth knowing that ethnic studies is crucial to both abused groups

How and which beliefs can we justified in Descartes who argues for Essay

How and which beliefs can we justified in Descartes who argues for skepticism - Essay Example He believes that images from dreamland are drawn from real experiences. For instance, if an artist draws an imaginary picture of a mermaid, he thinks of images of women and fish. The philosopher thinks that it is very easy to doubt the simplest things in life such as the existence of God. However, he tries pushing these thoughts from his mind by arguing that if he believes that there is no God, then he will be deceived. From the clip in "The Matrix", Neyo is put in a computer program by a hacker who tries to convince him to change his mind about what he believes in. The hacker shows him of his dream world and the real world to manipulate his mind into making Neyo believe in his world of fantasy (Andy and Lana, 1999). In the same way, Descartes sought to overturn people beliefs thoughts into his imaginary world. From the philosopher story, it is crucial to note that no individual can live in skepticism as no one doubts if other people in the surrounding exist. It is believed that Descartes was motivated into doubtful behavior as he was trying to overcome a certain problem, but his believes were always accompanied by arguments to inspire his

Self Esteem Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Esteem - Literature review Example Moreover, social acceptance besides interpersonal correlation has vita effects on self esteem (Nunley, 1996 p. 90). Friendship impacts on self esteem from puberty up to when a person develops into an adult (Cause, Mason, Gonzales, Hiraga, and Liu, 1998 p. 54). Evidently, singing together at the Bristol integrate will make these persons to develop some friendship and relationship thus boosting their personal self esteem. Furthermore, assistance and support given to people also helps in improving the self esteem of children and the adolescents in the society. Extra areas that also promote self esteem of any person are the school transition besides social success. Actually, when a person graduates from one level of education to another, they realize their position in the society thus improving their self esteem as described by Feldman and Elliot. Some of these social successes in the adolescents may comprise having self confidence in their physical appearance, their intelligence in clas s, besides social belonging (Fennel, 2011 p. 56). However, the children who don’t recognize such confidence in them will hate themselves, thus, low self esteem. Singing as a group in enhanced the interpersonal relationship among the individuals in Bristol Integrate. The possibility of the individuals to relate to one another very in the group leads to high social esteem. Conversely, the inability to interrelate will result in very low self esteem among the singers.

Gwendolyn Brooks and Edwin Arlington Robinson Essay Example for Free

Gwendolyn Brooks and Edwin Arlington Robinson Essay Gwendolyn Brooks and Edwin Arlington Robinson are two out of many fine poets that have written inspiration poetry that has had an impact on our country. Gwendolyn Brooks achieved success at an early age. Brooks is best known for her lyrical style of urban poetry, such as the poem â€Å"We Real Cool†. Brooks was the first African-American writer to win the Pulitzer Prize for her poetry with the poem, â€Å"Annie Allen†. Edwin Arlington Robinson was the first person ever to receive the Pulitzer Prize in 1922. Robinson’s poetry did not capture the attention of the public until he was almost 50 years old. President Theodore Roosevelt discovered some of his poetry. He was so impressed that he offers him a clerk position at the New York Customs House. â€Å"We Real Cool† by Gwendolyn Brooks and â€Å"Richard Cory† by Edwin Arlington Robinson demonstration how both authors compare/contrast in their poems as it relate to tragic ending in death, the usage of first person plural, and learning message to the reader. â€Å"We Real Cool† demonstrates how it relates to tragic ending in death, the usage of first person plural, and learning message to the reader. The poem relates to tragic ending in death. These teenagers explain how they engage in activities such as playing pool, drinking, and sinning. Though they believe they have everybody else fooled, they know themselves that the behavior will eventually lead to death. The poem is written in first person plural. It allows the pool players to speak for themselves and not allow the reader to draw their own assumptions. Also â€Å"We Real Cool† sends a learning message to the reader. The message that Brooks sends out is that what seems cool in someone else’s eye, isn’t cool in another, and it can lead to a destructive life. â€Å"Richard Cory† demonstrates how it related to tragic ending in death, the usage of first person plural, and learning message to the reader. The poems relate to tragic ending in death. Richard Cory is very successful in the view of the peers but in his own self judgment, he is inadequate to fulfill his purpose in life. So therefore, he commits suicide. Secondly, first person plural was not used in the poem. The town people are speaking about how they view Richard Cory. They do not know his personal struggles and only see the human side that he shows. They admire him and are quite envious of him. Thirdly, in the poem of â€Å"Richard Cory†, is sending a message that you cannot judge a book by its cover. Just because someone appears happy and wealthy does not mean that they are truly happy with their lifestyles. What one may perceive may be an allusion to the eye. Furthermore, a person must get to know a person to understand the views and thoughts. In conclusion, â€Å"We Real Cool† by Gwendolyn Brooks and â€Å"Richard Cory† by Edwin Arlington Robinson demonstration how both authors compare/contrast in their poems as it relate to tragic ending in death, the usage of first person plural, and learning message to the reader. We observed that â€Å"Richard Cory† is straight forward, direct and has plenty of descriptions unlike the poem â€Å"We Real Cool†, that requires the reader to use their imagination. However, both poems rhyme. Both poems talks about the importance’s of education of how the advantages of staying in school can get you far or how it can hinder your life. Even though both authors were born in different time era, they both share the same struggles and disadvantages.

The Global Expansion Of Toyota Marketing Essay

The Global Expansion Of Toyota Marketing Essay Using one specific company with which you are familiar, examine the actual and potential impacts of globalization on that company. Explain the reasoning behind the points you make. Evaluate possible strategies going forward which the company might use to respond to impacts of globalization you have identified. Globalization can be described as a historical transformation in political, social, economy and cultural diversity (J.H. Mittelman, 2001). The United Nations on the other hand to describe globalization as a concept that refers both to an increasing flow of goods and resources across national borders and to the emergence of completely set of organizational structures to manage the expanding network of international economic activities and transactions (UNCTAD, 1997a, p. 70). In simple terms it is a process of interaction and integration among peoples, companies and different countries. Which includes the corporate strategies, consumption patterns, regulatory capabilities and governance, technology, the globalization of financial markets, and socio-cultural processes. The globalization can be detected from the increase of manufacturing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and financial capital flows. In todays business environment, most of companys activities are naturally become globally. Gradually, organizations have recognized that globalization creates unlimited opportunities of worldwide market. However at the mean time, its also brings negative parts such as: highly competitive environment and threats. On this paper, the Toyota Motor corporation being chosen as reference company, where based on China market to identify what is exist and potential effect of globalization on business, and provide possible solutions for Toyota sustainable development. While, the PEST analysis tool will apply for Toyotas business situation analysing to explain how Toyota influence by political, social, economic, and technological. The multinational enterprise (MNE). A multinational corporation (MNC), sometimes called a transnational corporation(TNC). Is a company that has headquarters in home country but manages production in other counties. In the past two decade, the multi-national corperation (MNCs) plays a role of monopoly, they were able to get business advantages from host country by using the colonial power. In other word, they can get concessions from host countries by using home governments influence (Ohmae, 1995). Whereas, since the rapid growth in world trade and investment, this colonial power no longer existed. Instead, the world market becomes to more competitive. Most importantly, the rising of global practice and thinking between companies and countries has made business interests and orientations more necessary than ever (Abbas, J. 2000). Background on Toyota Since the rapid development of global integration the automobile industry becomes one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue. Toyota is one of representative multinational enterprise in the world. Its established in 1937 by Sakichi Toyoda, till present day Toyota was conducts both domestic and global marketing with 52 oversea manufacturing companies in 27 countries. Toyota market and sold the vehicles approximate 7 million in more than 170 countries every year, worldwide employees is 320.808 (Annual report, 2009). As a market leader Toyota holding 15 per cent market share among all the other automobile brands (Business week, 2009).The key success element of Toyota is commitment to designing, engineering and build cars to every target market area. Due to this reason Toyota faced great impact from globalization; the impact can be both negative and positive and differs by context such as new markets, cheaper location for investment, multi-choice of suppliers for raw ma terial and services, and cheaper labor cost. However it can also carry the negative parts. First, the world automobile market is change in economic conditions affecting, and highly competitive environments in which Toyota operates. Second the market highly volatile. Last the global auto crisis was seriously hit down Toyotas market profit. The Global Expansion of Toyota In 2008, Toyota to officially become world largest automaker, the rapid expansion is the main reason Toyota able to overtake GM as worlds top car firm. Toyota operated business across the entire world, which including: Sales vehicle in Africa and Russia and sales leader in Australia. Toyota were Launched Lexus and SCION in United States and norther American market. Figure Toyota sales by region. (Source: Toyota annual report, 2009) In recent years, Toyota has focus on global market expansion, especially, China market. Because the tendency of Chinese consumption pattern is change. Toyota FDI in China. China overtake United States become to new fdi destination by 2004. This is due to the China adoption reform and opening up policy in the late 1970. Toyota believes that Chinas market is potentially as large as the U.S. Market. Toyota aims consistently increase investment in China to grow production capacity and add to product lineup along with begin to produce Camry at Guangzhou Toyota Motor Co., Ltd on May 2006. According to XinHua News report that Toyota intend to invest about $700 million in its first fully-fledged research and Development base (RD) in China. Because, Toyota wants to increase the production in China. Since 2005, Toyota through the form of join-venture with Chinese company (FAW Group Corporation) to build first plant in SiChuan province until now, Toyota was invested to build seven plants in China, and another six plants of Toyota also joint-ventures with FAW. Toyota establish oversea plant in response to incentives such as tariffs, reduction of labour cost, and Toyota production system The PEST analysis on Toyota Political The auto industry is subject to various governmental rules and policies. The political environment of China does favor enterprises with foreign investment. According to Government policy 2009, the Chinese government levies low tax on enterprise with foreign investment, and preferential tax policies are offered to the sectors and regions where investment is encourage by the state. And the low tax policy reflected in three aspects: income tax, circulation tax, and import-stage value-added tax. At the same time, the China government announced several preferential policies to encourage auto consumption, which include the people who living countryside can enjoy 10% subsidy of the original vehicle price for their buy it. Second, the tax of purchase small-displacement vehicles was cut from 10% to 5% (Chinavestor, 2010). These preferential policies stimulated auto consumption significantly, and attract more foreign automobile company invest in China. On the other hand, government play the role of savior. For example, the government bailout policy: in 2009, Toyota was require for emergency loan from the Japan Bank, with the amount of more than 3 billion US dollars. The purpose of the emergency loan is to dealing with cash flow problem or some other cases. Economic The Peoples Republic of China is the second biggest economy in the world (first is United States), and it is worlds fastest-growing economy as well with annual economic growth averaging nearly 9% over the last three decade. The role of China in the world are the factory of the world, because China provides a cheap labour cost, and low cost base for export-oriented production. The major advantage of Toyota is the strong cash position. However, if compare with GM, Toyota still existed weak credit ratings, rising health-care and pension costs, and losses in its automotive division. Toyota expects through use its strong cash position to expanding all over the world increase its commitment to RD. Social The population of China is beyond one billion, it is a largest country in the world by population. The households size: 3.1, total households in China were 351,233,698, as we know the Toyota segmenting group is Households, usually, this group of people in China have middle or upper of income level with good education background age around 25 to 65. Technological The Toyota product line consist of: Electric technology, Plug-in hybrids, All-electric vehicles, Cars, Pickup trucks, Luxury-type vehicles. Toyota is one of largest automobile companies to promote hybrid vehicles in the market. Beside the production lineup, there are have one more important factor able to shapes technology adoption at Toyota plants, which are governments foreign investments control power. The business in China, Chinese government controls type of technological standards on firms operating in the country. The impact of globalization on Toyota. Operating in global market is a challenge for Toyota. Even though the globalization created unlimited opportunities for Toyota, but the adverse affect should not be ignored. The impact of exchange rates on Toyota. The currency exchange rates are very powerful can affect trade investment, finance, tourism, oversea economic transactions, import and export prices of goods and services. Toyota attaches great importance to the fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates and this is particularly evident in fluctuation between the value of the Japanese yen, the U.S. dollar, Chinese Yuan, and the euro. The negative impact resulting from fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates may affect Toyotas global performance. The following table illustrates Japanese yen per $1.00 during the periods display Fiscal Year Ended or Ending March 31. At End of Period Average (of month-end rates) (Â ¥ per $ 1.00) High Low 2005 107.22 107.28 114.30 102.26 2006 117.48 113.67 120.93 104.41 2007 117.56 116.55 121.81 110.07 2008 99.85 113.61 124.09 96.88 2009 99.15 100.85 110.48 87.80 2010 (through June 19,2009) 96.15 96.82 100.71 94.45 (Source: Toyota annual report 2009) This table shows that, the yen has been strong when translation with US dollars. According to Toyotas annual financial statement, which clearly present a financial situation of Japanese yen are affected by translation risk and foreign currency transaction risk. The fluctuation of foreign currency change rates may affect the price of Toyotas products in worldwide market and use foreign currencies to purchases materials. Since 2009, Japan central bank to show sign of Japanese yen will further appreciates against U.S. dollars. It can cause adverse effect to Toyotas reported operating results and financial condition. Because Japanese yen is rapidly, consistently appreciates against other foreign currencies that will force Toyota to markup the price of all the export products. But the rapid increase value of Japanese yen can have favorable effect on material purchased, but it only inside of Japan. For Toyota oversea operations still suffered with high raw materials, and gasoline, due to the profit margins was fallen, when translated from dollars back to yen. The impact of consumer preferences on Toyota (Source: Annual Repot, 2006) This table illustrate that, Toyota has build different product line across the China to fulfill local market demand. The consumer preferences are one of the most important factors shaping international production for Toyota. The trend of distinct national preferences is spread every corner of the world. The homogeneity of preferences lead to Toyotas product reduces the benefits of manufactory in China, because of complicated relationship between car design and differences in consumer preferences as a typical example, the Ford promote new car Mondeo to the worldwide but the sales was not good as they expected, because Ford neglected focus localizing production. In particular, after the second oil crisis, Toyota was enhance the production aims to provide an effective and creative production design to gain more market share in China (i.e., Toyotas Corolla produce by global platform and modified for different region to match consumers needs). But Toyota has ignored the preferences are not yet homogeneous across all of China, even in the target region, there are have several differences local tastes of demand. In contrast, the Hondas Accord is also use the global platform but modified the cars exterior body to different specific market area, thus, Honda has completely different automobile production line for each target market, i.e., the difference platforms between Japan, Thailand and China. Due to this reason Toyota fall into extremely passive position compare to other competitors. The Impact of United States Financial Crisis on Toyota . The United States financial crisis of 2007 has considered being the worst economic crisis since the 1930s great depression. The main factor trigger of the financial crisis was the United States real estate bubble was busted, caused property price tied by the value of securities, then the price of house was decline straightly, not only America this financial tsunami has wave to the entire world. Which contributed consumer lost approximate hundreds of billions of U.S. Dollar, several key businesses have failed, and the stock markets have fallen significantly. Obviously, the financial crisis has been hit down United States economy heavily; even the bailout of banks by national government has measured. But the financial markets havent showed the sign of recovery. As biggest auto-maker in north America Toyota was faced an unprecedented situation by the financial recession. The adverse results are largely, the vehicle sale hardest hit in northern America and Europe market with drop in sales of 673 thousand vehicles() especially, the sales of Toyotas luxury division Lexus was drop significantly. Moreover, increase price of crude oil and iron and steel raw material impact Toyotas operation, this fiscal year was drop 68 percent of benefits compare with previous fiscal year and according to Toyota annual report, the net profit loss of 4.2 billion U.S dollars (Toyota Annual Report, 2009). Last the financial market recession resulted negative impacts to Toyotas accumulation of capital. Due to the financial downturn, the organizations or financial institutions may unable to provide capital to the market. The impact from competitive environment to Toyota. Figure:share of U.S. Auto market. (Source) According to this pie chart, GM, which is 18.2%, is the biggest automaker in U.S. among all the motor corporations, then is Toyota with 15.8%, followed by Ford, making up 14.3%: and the next coming is Chrysler at 12.1%. From the pie chart is obviously shows that the big three automaker are still the largest domestic producers which making up 44.6% market share. The United States market always has been a prime concern for Toyota.. Due to its trade liberalization, highly developed, market demand(U.S. Auto market is about ten times bigger than the Canadian market). Especially, the demanding of Toyota luxury division Lexus was increased in recent years. However the U.S. automotive market is highly competitive at least fifteen auto company was market their product in U.S. market. Toyota as a foreign brand faces intense competition from other competitors. The highly competitive business environment lead to cause lower vehicle units sales and inventory backlog. This caused Toyota downward price pressure. The factors influence competition including: quality of product, post-purchase services, and reliability. However, Toyota faced unexpectedly quality problem with sudden unintended acceleration, which caused Toyota economic damages nearly $7 billion, the 94,000 vehicles has been recalled. Sustainability development of Toyota Establishment of Global Special Committee for Global Quality control Implemented approaches to address a deterioration in information gathering and information sharing practices between headquarters and the regional offices. These problem are seen to be the harmful side effects of the rapid globalization. The function of this committee are restructure the quality management system Strategies of interest rate swaps and localized in respond to fluctuation of Money exchange rate. In order to reduce the adverse affect of fluctuation foreign currency exchange rates, Toyota use some certain derivative financial tool such as interest rate swaps and increase the target market production of localized. Likewise, increase the investment in target market to increase production capacity and build local raw material supply chain, that can as possible as minizing losses on currency translation. Nonetheless, the adverse affect still existed, Toyota have to maintain a high level of vigilance the dynamics of international exchange market. Product diversification in respond to highly competitive auto market. In the highly competitive global business environment, Conclusion In todays global business environment multinational enterprise become more important, because countries adoption of opening oriented to promote the economic growth by attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The multinational enterprise plays the role of investor between countries. Whereas, the business environment will become more competitive follow with the increased FDI. As the world forth largest multinational enterprise, Toyota faced several affect from globalization, which can be classified as political, government regulations, economic environment, social lifestyle, and technological factors. Due to those of factor Toyota will continue to seek the way of sustainable development that use some strategy or approach to solve problems, such as, open a new market with innovative product. But there are not ensure Toyota will have a bright future. Car sales around the world in 2009: mostly down . The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 2010-09-09. Automobile Industry Introduction. Plunkett Research. 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-09. World Factbook; Japan-Economy. CIA. 2010.09.05 Retrieved 2010.09.05 Byars, L., 1991. Strategic Management, Formulation and implementation-Concepts and Cases. New York: HarperCollins Johnson, G., Scholes, K., 1993. Exploring Corporate Strategy-Text and Cases. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall Toyota, 2006. Geared toward Continuing Growth, Annual report 2005-2006. Japan: Tyouta Toyota., 2009. The Right Way Forward, Annual Report 2009. Japan: Toyota Toyota, 2010. Sustainability Report 2009-2010. Japan: Toyota EcPulse., 2010. Toyota to Invest $700 Million for RD in China. General Forex News.[online] 22 November. Available at: [Accessed 11 November 2010] BEST CARS., 2010. Internal Toyota Documents Show Political Influence Lobbying.[online](updated 22 February 2010) Available at: [Accessed 12 November 2010] Ganz, A., 2010. TOYOTA BUILDING 7TH CHINA PLANT. [onlibne] LEFT LANE NEWS.[online] 21 June. Available at: [Accessed 12 November 2010] Kulkarni, A., 2009. Positive Effects of Globalization. [online] Buzzle. Available at: [Accessed 16 November 2010] The Development Principles Group., 2009. Economic Environment in China.[online](updated 2009) Available at: [Accessed 16 November 2010] Elizabeth, C. 2003. Chinas Environmental Challenge: Political Social and Economic Implications.[online] New York:Council on Foreign Relations(published 2003) Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2010] Judy, Z., 2010. Chinas Auto Companies: Will the Legend of 2009 Continue?[online](updated 05 May 2010) Available at: [Accessed 17 November 2010] China Through A lens., 2009. What are the preferential policies offered to enterprises with foreign investment?[online] Available at: [Accessed 18 November] http://www.philforhumanity.com/Globalization_of_the_U.S.A..html http://ideas.repec.org/p/kie/kieliw/1093.html http://www.allbusiness.com/management/benchmarking-key-business-process-benchmarking/219142-1.html www.wikinvest.com/industry/Auto_Makers http://www.robroad.com/light-industry/index.php/financial-crisis-industry-japan/ http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Toyota_Motor_(TM)/Toyotas%20Operations%20Subject%20Currency%20Interest%20Rate%20Fluctuations http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world-news/japan-auto-sales-fallsept-india-strong_488274.html http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=930catid=24subcatid=157 http://news.frbiz.com/financial_crisis_in_the_automobile-173677.html http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/business/news/article_1448578.php/Toyota_cutting_costs_to_withstand_financial_crisis_sales_drop http://www.themotorreport.com.au/11817/financial-crisis-prompts-toyota-to-cut-earnings-forecast

Psychodynamic Theory :: Psychology, Freud

The theory our learning team is studying is the psychodynamic approach or what is sometimes called psychoanalytic approach. The main contributors to Psychodynamic approaches was the founder Sigmund Freud (1859-1939), Anna Freud (1895-1982) gave significant contribution to the psychodynamics of adolescence and Erik Erickson (1902-1994) called the â€Å"new† Freud but with an emphasis on ego (conscious) forces, termed as psychosocial theory (Craig & Dunn, p 11-13). Psychodynamics is the explanation or interpretation (as of behavior or mental states) in terms of mental or emotional forces or processes (www.merriam-webster.com) Through case study, the psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud. Freud visited Charcot’s, a laboratory in Paris investigating people suffering from hysteria. There, Freud began patient case studies (Crain, p. 254). Freud developed 5 stages of human development known as the Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital stages. The Oral stage is from the ages of birth to 18 months. This stage engages in oral activities such as sucking. Next the Anal stage begins around age 18 months to 3 years of age. Freud suggests that during the Anal stage a child focuses on the pleasure of purging from the rectal area. The Phallic stages, none as the masturbation stage, when a child get’s pleasure from focusing on his genital areas usually happens during ages 3 years to 6 years of age. After the Phallic stage come the Latency stages. Latency is when children at the ages of 6 to 12 years old work to develop cognitive and interpersonal skills suppressing sexual interests but th ose 12 years and older fall into the Genital stages. During the Genital stage those suppressed sexual interests re-occur and the need to find gratification dependent on finding a partner (Craig & Dunn, p 12) In addition to Freud’s stages of development his best-known concepts are those of the id, ego, and superego (Crain, p. 268). The id personality called ‘the unconscious† is the personality that focuses on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through reflexes and drives such as hunger or bladder tensions (Crain, pp. 268-269). The id concept is impulsive, chaotic and unrealistic. Although the id stage stands for â€Å"the untamed passions† it is balanced out by â€Å"reason and good sense† called the ego (Crain, p. 270). The ego evaluates situations comparing them to what has happened in the past and make realistic changes planning for the future. This is what is called â€Å"secondary process thinking†. Ego considers the possibilities of the act in question giving the opportunity to make safe and sound choices.

Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie Essay

In the earlier society, not much notice was being out to the American Indians. When they were subdued and put under reservation efforts, not much attention was given to them by the people. They never really needed the attention, since even before; it is known that they could provide for themselves well enough. But with the intervention of the white Americans, not much was left from their rich vast lands, and they were restricted solely in their reserves. Sherman Alexie’s Reservation Blues was a take on the present situation of the American natives, the Indians at that time. It was an indirect way to showcase the problems and issues that these people were suffering at that time, and whatever ways that they are dealing with them, nonetheless getting supported by the government. But Reservation Blues is not about the guilt of the white people resulting from what they did to the American Indians. It isn’t about the Rock and Roll career of an Indian band and their quest for fame and fortune. It was more on the search of the facts of life, for all races and skin colors. It is a take on people’s surviving skills, on how these Indians had to deal with hardships, while carrying heavy loads of disgrace and downgrading from other people in their backs. The song Father and Farther is a song that opens yet another chapter of the book Reservation Blues. It is more of a reflection of the life of these Native Americans. Here, the perspective is from a son who asks his father what their future holds for them. It is a reflection of their struggles, of how much more they’ll have to endure in order to gain the life that they deserve, to be alleviated from the poor life. The speaker of this songs asks the father how far they should go to have a good life, that if they go farther will they really attain what they want. There are several comparisons made in this song, making an appeal to the emotions of those who will be reading the book. They first one is a comparison with a three-legged horse, who, according to the person talking was putting out all his efforts yet never makes it to the finish line. This is a reflection of their situation, that no matter how hard they try, their efforts always end up going t waste. Another chapter is opened by the song whose name is the same as the title of the book, Reservation Blues. It is more of description of the lives being lived by these people, and the things that they do to get by with this kind of life. It describes their poor life, how they have empty pockets being filled by their only resolve, the reservation blues. This is because they really have not much of a choice. They live their lives as is because they are left with poverty alone. There is not much of an opportunity for them, which usually leaves them penniless and hungry. It is through this music, the reservation blues, which they get by from day to day. It is what removes their loneliness that they feel from the poor life that they are living. It shows yet another reality of life as reflected on the last line, saying that if they have no other choice, then they don’t have much to lose. This is a manifestation of the feeling of worthlessness, as others see them. They were always looked down by other people, saying that they are good for nothing, and they have no real worth, that is why not much of an attention is being given to them. Reservation Blues songs were the songs that illustrate the mood of the story, wherein it goes with the whole story’s intensity to match. It was merely an eye opener of what is about to unfold to the readers: the untold story of the feather-clad, pipe-smoking redskins, who fought for their lands and wished for a fair treatment, but had neither of them, everything stripped, except their pride and their capability to dream. This capability to dream could be an instrument to personal as well as societal success, as manifested by the Indian band’s road to success: how they were able to move along the topsy turvy road called life. Reference: Alexie, Sherman. Reservation Blues. Warner Books, 1996.

After the murder of Duncan Nothing goes Right for Macbeth and his Wife Essay

Shakespeare first showed Macbeth in the court of a newly crowned King James the First. Some people would argue that in places this was written as a piece of flattery for James the first. James was meant to be a descendant of Banquos’ and therefore Shakespeare shows Banquo to be a valiant and heroic character throughout the play. However, Shakespeare had to be careful what he said in the play, as he didn’t want to upset the King. This play could be written as a piece of propaganda or a warning to anybody who went against the King. The play supports the Stuarts doctrine of the â€Å"Divine Right† of kings. This states that kings are appointed by God and therefore going against them is as sinful as going against God himself, the greatest punishment should be put against anybody who does so. This is shown all the way through the play up until the death of Macbeth himself. Macbeth starts the play as a great hero and is well respected by his fellow lords and friends. He has shown himself to be a great warrior and is referred to by some as â€Å"Bellona’s Bridegroom† who helped to save Scotland from invasion by the King of Norway and an attack by MacDonald. Macbeth is highly regarded by the King, who calls Macbeth a â€Å"valiant cousin, worthy gentleman†. Macbeth is rewarded, by the King, the role of Thane of Cawdor after the previous Thane proved to be a traitor and tyrant. However, by the end of the play Macbeth is hated by all and is considered to be a traitor and tyrant. I believe that had Macbeth not have murdered Duncan, he would have carried on his good name and maybe gained the role of King without having to do anything to gain it. We can see that Macbeth starts to suffer from the murder almost directly after when he says that he thinks he hears a voice: Methought I hear a voice cry ‘Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep’, This could be seen as the first part of Macbeths punishment for murdering the king. He has been cursed so that he can no longer sleep because he has murdered the king whilst he sleeps. We can see that this is true because throughout the rest of the play Macbeth does not sleep well again. Macbeth knows now that he will never be forgiven for what he has done and almost immediately regrets his actions and wishes that he could undo it. Macbeth panics after he does the deed and he murders Duncans guards before anyone goes into the room. He thinks that this will be seen as an act of courage and loyalty to the King but doesn’t realise that instead he is getting rid the only other people that could have been blamed for the murder and taken the suspicion away from himself and lady Macbeth. In doing this Macbeth draws suspicion to himself straight away from Macduff who says, â€Å"Wherefore did you so?†. This is the first time we see Macduffs suspicions and they carry on to the very end of the play at which time he goes on to kill Macbeth himself. Macbeth realises Macduff and does not feel safe. Macduff shows the extent of his view of the murder of Duncan by not attending the coronation of Macbeth. Macbeth notices this and his fear grows. After becoming King, Macbeth realises that it does bring him nothing more. He becomes more and more suspicious of Banquo, who is beginning to query Macbeth over the murder of Duncan. Macbeth realises how big of a threat Banquo could be to him and says: To be thus is nothing, But to be safely thus: our fears in Banquo Stick deep. Macbeth is constantly tortured by the witches prophecy of the desendants of Banquo becoming King. If it were true then Macbeth would never built a true dynasty. Macbeth hates this thought and we see it plague him all trough the play. We then see Macbeths change. He orders Banquo and Fleance to be murdered. Yet, unlike the first, his wife is not involved and he hires criminals to do it for him instead of doing the deed himself. This, in my opinion, is the first time we see Macbeth going it alone and leaving lady Macbeth out of his plans. Macbeth believes that by killing Banquo and his son he will be preventing the second prophesy from coming true and put his mind at rest. However, the plan is not completely successful and Fleance escapes. Macbeths reacts to this by saying: Then comes my fit again:I had else been perfect Macbeth is saying that if that had not have gone wrong then it would have been perfect but now it has brought back his unsettlement because if Fleance still lives that means that the prophecy may still come true. His feeling of never having any satisfaction of king returns to him. Macbeth then has a banquet with all his lords and ladies and he gives the game away. He sees the ghost of Banquo sitting in a seat and in his shock and panic he begins to shout out in madness excuses for what he has done. Lady Macbeth tries to cover up for him but Macbeth carries on. The lords become ever more suspicious as begin to understand what Macbeth has done. After the lords have gone Macbeth tells his wife what he done to Banqou and I think this is when Lady Macbeth realises what her husband has turned into and what Kingship has brought him and her. After the feast the lords begin to feel that Macbeth is not a worthy king, referring to the feast as the â€Å"tyrants feast†. Lennox refers to the situation as: ‘our suffering country Under a hand accurs’d’ This means that Scotland is under the rule of a hand (Macbeth) which is unworthy or bad. This tells us that Macbeth is growing more and more unpopular within the lords and he has now lost all of the respect and ‘good name’ that they once gave him. Macbeth begins to fall ever more into despair and goes to see the witches for some more advice. They tell him that he is safe and gives a feeling of security. Macbeth now feels better but the witches then rob him of any happiness by reconfirming Banquos descendants becoming king by showing him an image of kings to come who all look like Banquo. Macbeth is now unhappier than ever and we can see the full extent of which being king has brought absolutely no satisfaction whatsoever. Macbeth, in his despair, says: ‘I am in blood Stepp’d in so far that should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go’er. This shows us a gory view of him wading through all of the blood of his victims and to turn back and try and do right would be as hard or ‘tedious’ as it would be to finish off what he has started and to carry on with the murders. Macbeth has by now lost all of his kindness and any compassion that he once had. His lords are slowly deserting him and his wife and him are further apart than ever. From the beginning of the play Macduff has suspected Macbeth of the murder of Duncan and he now has proof enough to flee to England and join Malcolm. Macbeth has now turned bitter and twisted and vows that he will now do whatever he thinks without thinking about the consequences: ‘From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand.’ Macbeth then decides to do his worse deed yet, he orders the murder of Macduffs wife and child. This shows Macbeths lords openly that he is a true tyrant and nothing but a bloody killer. He now loses even more support when Ross leaves him. Not only does he lose support but he also gives Macduff even more reason for revenge and makes Macduff even more eager to overthrow him. Macbeth now realises that he has lost all his support and that he is hated over all the land and is close to despair. By now Macbeth has lost all human feelings that he once had and even when he learns of his wife’s death he simply shrugs it off saying, â€Å"she would have died hereafter†. All feelings of love or hatred or guilty have now been wiped from him and he is now a bitter and lifeless person. He begins to believe that life has no meaning. When Macbeth learns of Macduffs oncoming he is not afraid and says, â€Å"I will not yield†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ lay on Macduff†, he is saying that he will not retreat but instead will wait for Macduff and take him on. Macbeth is not afraid anymore and now just waits for his fate. Macbeth fights to his death and ends up being killed by Macduff in the final confrontation. We can see Lady Macbeths slow spiral of despair throughout the play to the point of suicide. She started off as an ambitious woman who was in love and who wants nothing but the best for husband. She assists in the murder and tries her hardest to make her husband gain Kingship. At the beginning she was in complete control of her husband and the marriage yet by the end she loses all of this and Macbeth pays no attention whatsoever to her. Being queen gives her absolutely no satisfaction and realises that all of the plans were nothing more than a complete waste of time. I believe that after the murder of Duncan nothing goes right for Macbeth and his wife. It eventually pushes Lady Macbeth to suicide and causes the murder of Macbeth himself. I believe that if they had not carried out the murder then Macbeth would have kept his good name and maybe the witches prophesies would have come true without any encouragement. Macbeth had everything and should have been grateful for it. Lady Macbeth became greedy and should have let her husband do what he wanted to instead of pushing him into the initial murder.

Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood Essay

These are a group of psychological conditions that manifest people from childhood, causing impairment in selective parts of the body. The ICD-10 commonly refers to them as Specific Disorders of Psychological Development (Lord et.al, 2012 p.306). These disorders include language, learning, speech, motor, neurodevelopment, and autism. Others that can loosely be classified as developmental impairments include schizophrenia and antisocial behavior (Lord et.al, 2012 p.307). These conditions are present from childhood and depending on the stage of diagnosis, and they improve as the toddler develops. Most of them are diagnosed under the age of 9 when those surrounding a child notice defects or certain inabilities in comparison to children of the same age. these are a group of psychological conditions that manifest people from childhood causing impairment in selective parts of the body. the icd-10 commonly refers to them as specific disorders of psychological development lord et.al 2012 p.306 these disorders include language learning speech motor neurodevelopment and autism. others that can loosely be classified as developmental impairments include schizophrenia and antisocial behaviThese are a group of psychological conditions that manifest people from childhood, causing impairment in selective parts of the body. The ICD-10 commonly refers to them as Specific Disorders of Psychological Development (Lord et.al, 2012 p.306). These disorders include language, learning, speech, motor, neurodevelopment, and autism. Others that can loosely be classified as developmental impairments include schizophrenia and antisocial behavior (Lord et.al, 2012 p.307). These conditions are present from childhood and depending on the stage of diagnosis, and they improve as the toddler develops. Most of them are diagnosed under the age of 9 when those surrounding a child notice defects or certain inabilities in comparison to children of the same age. There is no specific cause of these disorders, apart from existing theories that are used to draw scientific hypotheses. The most significant characteristics in play involve genetic composition and environmental factors that disrupt the normal human development process and create abnormalities. According to research on of the theory states that stress or trauma during the early childhood period can cause developmental disorders.What causes the autism spectrum disorders. The disease was first described in the mid-20th century by a psychiatrist known as Leo Kanner (McPartland & Dawson, 2015 p.127). He stated that autism was an inborn defect without a definite causative factor, and detected in children from as early as a few weeks after birth to three years of age. Recent research attributes the disease to biology, naming hereditary factors and the pre and peri-natal environments as the greatest influencing factors. Autism spectrum refers to a variety of conditions that are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). These diseases include Asperger Syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, autism, and pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified, abbreviated as PDD-NOS (Lord et.al, 2012 p.308). Classification of ASD Previous diagnosis manuals classified Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism as different sub-categories of disorders. However, the latest DSM-V manual includes both as a range of a larger disease depending on its severity (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). People with both syndromes are categorized under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Secondly, the DSM-5 handbook does not emphasize on the aspect of language delay or the exact age when the disease manifests itself (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). Instead, it is classified as a neurodevelopmental condition whose symptoms occur in the early childhood stage with possible diagnosis at a later date. The DSM- 5 also changed the impairment areas from three to two namely social communication and behavior (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). Finally, the clinical presentation of the disease currently uses clinical specifiers to describe ASD (Lord et.al, 2012 p.309). According to scientific study, there are three types of genetic associations of ASD. The first is the familial aggregation of autism common in the siblings of affected ones, and the second category is the genetic combination of other conditions present in the family members of the afflicted children (Lord et.al, 2013 p.4). The third kind of genetic association involves the connection with specific conditions of recognized genetic composition (Yuen et.al, 2015 p.187).or lord et.al 2012 p.307 these conditions are present from childhood and depending on the stage of diagnosis and they improve as the toddler develops. most of them are diagnosed under the age of 9 when those surrounding a child notice defects or certain inabilities in comparison to children of the same age. there is no specific cause of these disorders apart from existing theories that are used to draw scientific hypotheses. the most significant characteristics in play involve genetic composition and environmental factors that disrupt the normal human development process and create abnormalities. according to research on of the theory states that stress or trauma during the early childhood period can cause developmental disorders.what causes the autism spectrum disorders the disease was first described in the mid-20th century by a psychiatrist known as Leo Kanner McPartland Dawson 2015 p.127 he stated that autism was an inborn defect without a definite causative factor and detected in children from as early as a few weeks after birth to three years of age. recent research attributes the disease to biology naming hereditary factors and the pre and peri-natal environments as the greatest influencing factors. autism spectrum refers to a variety of conditions that are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5 these diseases include Asperger syndrome childhood disintegrative disorder autism and pervasive development disorder not otherwis e specified abbreviated as pdd-nos lord et.al 2012 p.308 classification of asd previous diagnosis manuals classified Aspergers syndrome and autism as different sub-categories of disorders. however the latest DSM-v manual includes both as a range of a larger disease depending on its severity Lauritsen 2013 p.37 people with both syndromes are categorized under the autism spectrum disorder and secondly the DSM-5 handbook does not emphasize on the aspect of language delay or the exact age when the disease manifests itself, Lauritsen, 2013 p.37 instead it is classified as a neurodevelopmental condition whose symptoms occur in the early childhood stage with possible diagnosis at a later date. the DSM- 5 also changed the impairment areas from three to two namely social communication and behavior Lauritsen 2013 p.37 finally the clinical presentation of the disease currently uses clinical specifiers to describe and lord et.al 2012 p.309 according to scientific study there are three types of genetic associations of asd. the first is the familial aggregation of autism common in the siblings of affected ones and the second category is the genetic combination of other conditions present in the family members of the afflicted children lord et.al 2013 p.4 the third kind of genetic association involves the connection with specific conditions of recognized genetic composition yuen et.al 2015 p.187 There is no specific cause of these disorders, apart from existing theories that are used to draw scientific hypotheses. The most significant characteristics in play involve genetic composition and environmental factors that disrupt the normal human development process and create abnormalities. According to research on of the theory states that stress or trauma during the early childhood period can cause developmental disorders.What causes the autism spectrum disorders. The disease was first described in the mid-20th century by a psychiatrist known as Leo Kanner (McPartland & Dawson, 2015 p.127). He stated that autism was an inborn defect without a definite causative factor, and detected in children from as early as a few weeks after birth to three years of age. Recent research attributes the disease to biology, naming hereditary factors and the pre and peri-natal environments as the greatest influencing factors. Autism spectrum refers to a variety of conditions that are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). These diseases include Asperger Syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, autism, and pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified, abbreviated as PDD-NOS (Lord et.al, 2012 p.308). Classification of ASD Previous diagnosis manuals classified Asperger’s Syndrome and Autism as different sub-categories of disorders. However, the latest DSM-V manual includes both as a range of a larger disease depending on its severity (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). People with both syndromes are categorized under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Secondly, the DSM-5 handbook does not emphasize on the aspect of language delay or the exact age when the disease manifests itself (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). Instead, it is classified as a neurodevelopmental condition whose symptoms occur in the early childhood stage with possible diagnosis at a later date. The DSM- 5 also changed the impairment areas from three to two namely social communication and behavior (Lauritsen, 2013 p.37). Finally, the clinical presentation of the disease currently uses clinical specifiers to describe ASD (Lord et.al, 2012 p.309). According to scientific study, there are three types of genetic associations of ASD. The first is the familial aggregation of autism common in the siblings of affected ones, and the second category is the genetic combination of other conditions present in the family members of the afflicted children (Lord et.al, 2013 p.4). The third kind of genetic association involves the connection with specific conditions of recognized genetic composition (Yuen et.al, 2015 p.187).